Social perception of 5G technology

Społeczna recepcja technologii 5G

Abstract: Celem artykułu jest szersze spojrzenie na obecną sytuację związaną z wdrażaniem technologii 5G w Polsce z perspektywy społecznej. Analiza została przeprowadzona w kontekście postaw Polaków wobec nauki i techniki oraz wiedzy o nowoczesnych technologiach. Oprócz analizy literatury przedmiotu w artykule zostaną przedstawione wyniki dwóch równoległych badań z wykorzystaniem trzech metod badawczych: fokusowych, pogłębionych wywiadów eksperckich oraz ankiety przeprowadzonej metodą wywiadów bezpośrednich w domach respondentów. W artykule refleksji zostały poddane m.in. pytania o to, jaki jest stosunek Polaków do rozwoju nauki i techniki, w szczególności do technologii 5G oraz czy rozwój nowoczesnych technologii jest przyczyną społecznego niepokoju Polaków. Z badań nad odbiorem społecznym sieci 5G w Polsce wynika, że Polacy nie znają technologii 5G. Ich niewiedza wynika ze źle prowadzonej edukacji technologicznej, niedostatecznego informowania społeczeństwa przez władze państwowe, braku zaufania społeczeństwa do władz jako niewiarygodnego źródła informacji oraz ze względu na hermetyczny język, którym posługują się specjaliści z telekomunikacji. Duży wpływ ma także dezinformacja mająca na celu opóźnienie wdrożenia tej technologii w Europie, również związana z wojną o 5G między Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Chinami, dodatkowo wpływa na wyjątkowo negatywne postrzeganie technologii 5G w polskim społeczeństwie.

Bibliography:

5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology, A. Osseiran, J.F. Monserrat, P. Marsch (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2016.

5G: The chance to lead for a decade, Deloitte, 2018, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/us-tmt-5g-deployment-imperative.pdf.

AlRaeesi A.S.A., Habibur R. M., Proactive Approach to the Deployment of 5G Technology: Insights from the UAE, 2nd Europe – Middle East – North African Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS) “Leveraging Technologies For Growth”, Aswan, Egypt, 18-21 February 2019, International Telecommunications Society (ITS), Calgary.

Asif S., 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies, Taylor and Francis Group, 2019.

Council Recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz), Official Journal of the European Communities, 30 July 1999, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31999H0519&from=EN.

Dahlman E., Parkvall S., Skold J., 5G NR: The next generation wireless access technology, Academic Press, 2020.

David K., Berndt H., 6G Vision and Requirements: Is There Any Need for Beyond 5G?, “IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine” 2018, vol. 13, no. 3.

Destiny T., Conspiracy theories about 5G networks have skyrocketed since COVID-19, The Conversation, 2 June 2020, https://theconversation.com/conspiracy-theories-about-5g-networks-have-skyrocketed-since-covid-19-139374.

Dyfuzja innowacji, Encyklopedia Zarządzania, https://mfiles.pl/pl/index.php/Dyfuzja_innowacji.

Effect of electromagnetic millimeter waves on the health of employees in the in the designed 5G networks and the general population, K. Rydzyński (ed.), Łódź 2020.

Eliassen I., Pena P., Real 5G issues overshadowed by Covid-19 conspiracy theories, Investigate Europe, 12 June 2020, https://www.investigate-europe.eu/en/2020/5g-covid-conspiracy/.

Eltiti S. et al., Aggregated data from two double-blind base station provocation studies comparing individuals with idiopathic environmental intolerance with attribution to electromagnetic fields and controls, “Bioelectromagnetics” 2015, vol. 36, no. 2.

European citizens’ knowledge and attitudes towards science and technology, European Commission, September 2021.

Fettweis G., Alamouti S., 5G: Personal mobile internet beyond what cellular did to telephony, “IEEE Communications Magazine” 2014, no. 52(2).

Group of Chief Scientific Advisors, https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/strategy/support-policy-making/scientific-support-eu-policies/group-chief-scientific-advisors_en.

International Agency for Research on Cancer Publications, https://publications.iarc.fr/126.

International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection, ICNIRP Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHZ), “Health Physics” 1998, no. 74(4), pp.

494-522, https://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/publications/ICNIRPemfgdl.pdf.

International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection, ICNIRP Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 KHZ to 300 GHZ), “Health Physics” 2020, no. 118(5), pp. 483-524; https://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/publications/ICNIRPrfgdl2020.pdf.

Karaboytcheva M., Effects of 5G wireless communication on human health, European Parliamentary Research Service 2021, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/646172/EPRS_BRI(2020)646172_PL.pdf.

Khan R. et al., A Survey on Security and Privacy of 5G Technologies: Potential Solutions, Recent Advancements, and Future Directions, “IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials” 2020, vol. 22, no. 1.

Kim M.J. et al., The changing patterns of China’s international standardization in ICT under techno-nationalism: A reflection through 5G standardization, “International Journal of Information Management” 2020, vol. 54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102145.

Kowalski B., Central and Eastern Europe, China’s Core Interests, and the Limits of Relational Politics: Lessons from the Czech Republic in the 2010s, “East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures” 2020, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 51-74.

La L., 5G myths, debunked: 5G won’t replace 4G, doesn’t cause COVID-19 and is still rolling out, cnet.com, 1 June 2020, https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/5g-myths-debunked-5g-wont-replace-4g-doesnt-cause-covid-19-andis-still-rolling-out-during-the-pandemic/.

Lemstra W., Cave M., Bourreau M., The Towards the successful deployment of 5G in Europe: What are the necessary policy and regulatory conditions?, project report, Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE), 2017, https://cerre.eu/publications/towards-successful-deployment-5g-europe-what-are-necessary-policy-and-regulatory/.

Meese J., Frith J., Wilken R., COVID-19, 5G conspiracies and infrastructural futures, “Media International Australia” 2020, vol. 177(1).

Mythbusters, World Health Organization, 19 January 2022, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters.

Office of Electronic Communications, Public opinion poll on the functioning of the telecommunications services market and consumer preferences Report on the study of individual clients, 29 November 2019, Warsaw–Gdańsk.

Oughton E.J. et al., Towards 5G: Scenario-based assessment of the future supply and demand for mobile telecommunications infrastructure, “Technological Forecasting and Social Change” 2018, vol. 133, pp. 141-155.

Oughton E.J. et al., Assessing the capacity, coverage and cost of 5G infrastructure strategies: Analysis of the Netherlands, “Telematics and Informatics” 2019, vol. 37, pp. 50-69.

Pandey M.K., Gaurav A., Kumar V., Social, technical and economical challenges of 5G technology in Indian prospective: Still 4G auction not over, but time to think about 5G in India, International Conference on Computer and Computational Sciences (ICCCS), Noida 2015.

Rao B., Harrison A.J., Mulloth B., Defense Technological Innovation. Issues and Challenges in an Era of Converging Technologies, New Horizons in Innovation Management series, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham 2020.

Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks, J. Rodriguez (ed.), Wiley, 2015.

Saxena S., Enhancing ICT infrastructure in public services, Factors influencing mobile government (m-government) adoption in India, “The Bottom Line” 2017, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 279-296.

Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER), https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/scheer_en.

Seria podpaleń masztów 5G w Holandii. Wieże będą dodatkowo chronione, Polsat News, 5 June 2020, https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2020-06-05/seria-podpalen-masztow-5g-w-holandii-wieze-beda-dodatkowo-chronione/.

Segal A., Year in Review 2019: The U.S.–China Tech Cold War Deepens and Expands, Council on Foreign Relations, 18 December 2019, https://www.cfr.org/blog/year-review-2019-us-china-tech-cold-war-deepens-and-expands.

Shaping Europe’s digital future, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/european-electronic-communications-code-updating-eu-telecom-rules.

Sobiczewska E., Szmigielski S., Electromagnetic fields hypersensitivity, “Occupational Medicine” 2009, no. 60(3).

Soler U., Busiło M., Education of society as a tool to counteract disinformation in implementing new technologies. On the example of 5G mobile telecommunications network and Warsaw sewage system, Proceedings of the International Conference “Applications of Electromagnetics in Modern Engineering and Medicine” June 2019, Janów Podlaski.

Soler U., Busiło M., Taming with technology. On the example of UK electrification and 5G technology, “Przegląd Elektrotechniczny” 2019, vol. 95, no. 12.

Soler U., UE Regulations on 5G cybersecurity, Proceedings of the 38th International Business Information Management Association Conference (IBIMA), 23-24 November 2021, Seville, Spain. Vision: Innovation Management and Sustainable Economic Development in the Era of Global Pandemic, International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA).

Soler U., Political and Economic Contexts of Implementing 5G in Poland and in Selected European Countries, “Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology” 2021, no. 2. Spectrum for 4G and 5G, Qualcomm, 2020, https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/spectrum-for-4g-and-5g.pdf.

Tatoń G. et al., The influence of electromagnetic fields on the human health – survey studies, “Przegląd Elektrotechniczny” 2019, vol. 95, no. 12.

Prime minister’s office chief Michał Dworczyk steps down, TVN24, https://tvn24.pl/tvn24-news-in-english/polands-pm-office-chief-michaldworczyk-steps-down-6140311 [30.09.2022].

Verrender A. et al., IEI-EMF provocation case studies: A novel approach to testing sensitive individuals, “Bioelectromagnetics” 2018, vol. 39, no. 2.

Weerakkody V., Dhilon G., Moving from E-Government to T-Government: a study of process reengineering challenges in a UK local authority context, “International Journal of Electronic Government Research” 2008, vol. 4, no. 4.

WVS, World Values Survey, http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp.

PDF: Download