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This paper explores the concept of investment development path (IDP) as applied to Poland as the economy of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Specifically, the objective of the study is to evaluate Poland’s current positioning and, hence, stage of development. The paper begins with a brief literature review devoted to the concept of IDP. It is followed by a review of extant research applying the IDP model to CEE economies. Analysis of macroeconomic data indicating Poland’s IDP path follows. The main conclusion is that Poland is at the end of stage 2 of its IDP, i.e. it is behind the position that its GDP level would imply. This is mainly due to the pull of the large internal market, the still weak competitiveness of domestic firms in international markets and the reluctance of government to adopt more active, firm specific ownership advantage stimulating policies towards outward FDI.
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The competitive potential of individual regions varies, but frontier regions in each member state are in a significantly worse situation because their development is uneven, which stems in part from their diverse abilities to adapt to the changes that take place in their surroundings. The development of these cross-border territories is supported under cohesion policy. The objective of the paper is to discuss how to boost the competitiveness of cross-border areas and to present the role of cross-border cooperation programmes in supporting competitiveness and cohesion in 2004-2020 based on the example of programmes implemented on the Polish-Czech border and co-financed from EU funds. The analysis of the implementation of European cross-border programmes pertaining to the Polish-Czech borderland has indicated that the measurable outcomes of the support that was provided manifested themselves in many areas, particularly in education, the environment, transportation, and culture. In the analysed programming periods, the directions for support granted under the cross-border programmes have been slightly modified. In the 2014-2020 programming period, a stronger emphasis is placed on support of employment growth through the use of the cultural and natural potential of these areas, risk-related issues, entrepreneurship, education, and the development of a cooperation network.
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Integration processes in the European Union (EU) do not only concern the member states, but also their regions, including areas bordering other EU countries. The aim of the paper is to present the conception of crossborder region (CBR), which refers to the processes of cross-border integration (CBI) of EU border regions. CBR is considered from three points of view. Firstly, its institutional dimension is presented, emphasising the special importance of cross-border multi-level governance through its organisational structure in the form of cross-border management institution (CBMI). Secondly, the relational dimension of CBR, which includes relations, ties and cross-border networks, is analysed. Thirdly, the economic dimension of CBR is introduced, showing possible strategies for its development of exo- and endogenous character. Special attention is paid to various types of pro-innovation policies in CBRs. At the end, the meaning of the CBR conception is presented and the main conditions for creating CBRs in the EU borderlands are indicated, the most important being the future of the European integration project.
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Perkmann, M., ‘Cross-Border Co-operation as Policy Entrepreneurship: Explaining the Variable Success of European Cross-Border Regions’, CSGR Working Paper, vol. 166, no. 5, Warwick 2005.
Perkmann, M., ‘The emergence and governance of Euroregions: the case of the EUREGIO on the Dutch-German border’, paper presented at the workshop: Euroregions: experiences and lessons, Institut Universitari d’Estudis Europeus, University of Barcelona, 15-16 December 2005, https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspacejspui/bitstream/2134/743/3/EUREGIO.pdf [2015-02-15].
Raczyk, A., Dołzbłasz, S., Leśniak-Johann, M., Relacje współpracy i konkurencji na pograniczu polsko-niemieckim [Relationships of cooperation and competition in the Polish-German borderlands], Wrocław: Gaskor, 2012.
Rykiel, Z., Rozwój regionów stykowych w teorii i badaniach empirycznych [Development of regions of contact in theory and empirical research], Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków: Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich – PAN, 1991.
Starzyk, K., ‘Ekonomia polityczna transgranicznej współpracy gospodarczej’ [Political economy of cross-border economic cooperation], in: K. Starzyk (ed.), Gospodarcze sąsiedztwo Polski w warunkach transformacji, integracji z Unią Europejską, globalizacji [The economic neighborhood of Poland in the conditions of transformation, integration with the European Union, globalization], Warszawa: Semper, 2005, pp. 29-56.
Strihan, A., ‘A Network-based Approach to Regional Borders: The Case of Belgium’, Regional Studies, vol. 42, no. 4, 2008, pp. 539-554.
Stryjakiewicz, T., ‘Sieciowa organizacja gospodarki a rozwój regionalny’, Biuletyn KPZK PAN, vol. 219, 2005.
Suchocka, R., ‘Współpraca transgraniczna – nowy model stosunków interetnicznych’ [Cross-border cooperation – a new model of inter-ethnic relations], in: J. Leszkowicz-Baczyński (ed.), Transgraniczność w perspektywie socjologicznej. Kontynuacje i wyzwania – T. 1 [Cross-borderness in the sociological perspective. Continuations and challenges – Vol. 1], Zielona Góra: Lubuskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 2001, pp. 235-248.
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One of the main sources of financing investments in the public sector are preferential loans or guarantees granted under European funds. The article presents the current legal system for the implementation of financial instruments, legal and systemic issues that hinder the use of this form of support, including the overlapping of financial instruments of two financial perspectives, and a proposal for new legal solutions aimed at simplifying the implementation of financial instruments in the 2021-2027 financial perspective.
Agnieszka Kłos, ‘Barriers to the implementation of financial instruments under cohesion policy’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2018, pp. 93-115.
Act of 11 July 2014 on the principles of implementation of the cohesion policy programmes, financed under the 2014-2020 financial perspective (Dziennik Ustaw [Journal of Laws] from 2016 item 217).
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 480/2014 of 3 March 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 1303/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down common provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the Cohesion Fund, the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund and laying down general provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the Cohesion Fund and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund.
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 964/2014 of 11 September 2014 laying down rules for the application of Regulation (EU) No 1303/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards standard terms and conditions for financial instruments.
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 821/2014 of 28 July 2014 laying down rules for the application of Regulation (EU) No 1303/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards detailed arrangements for the transfer and management of programme contributions, the reporting on financial instruments, technical characteristics of information and communication measures for operations and the system to record and store data.
Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament, The European Council, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Region, A Modern Budget for a Union that Protects, Empowers and Defends The Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027, European Commission, Brussels, 2.5.2018COM(2018) 321 final.
EC Regulatory Guidance (Guidance for Member States on Article 37(4) CPR, Support to enterprises/working capital), European Commission, EGESIF_14_0041-1 27/03/2015.
Guidance Member States Request for payment, EGESIF_15-0006-01 08/06/2015; European Commission, European Structural and Investment Funds Guidance for Member States and Programme Authorities CPR_37_7_8_9 Combination of support from a Financial Instrument with other forms of support, European Union, 2015.
Guidance for Member States on Article 37(2) CPR – Ex-ante assessment, European Commission, EGESIF_14_0039-1 27/03/2015.
Guidance for Member States on Article 42(1)(d) CPR – Eligible management costs and fees, European Union, 2015.
Guidance for Member States on Interest and Other Gains Generated by ESI Funds support paid to FI (Article 43 CPR), EGESIF_15-0031-01, Final 17/02/2016.
Financial Engineering Instruments in Cohesion Policy, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, European Parliament 2013.
Faiña, A., Lopez-Rodguez, J., Montes-Solla, P. and Varela-Candamio, L., Expert evaluation network delivering policy analysis on the performance of Cohesion policy 2007-2013 Year 2 – 2012 Task 1: Financial engineering, Spain, Jean Monnet Research Group on Competition and Development, University Of Coruña, A report to the European Commission Directorate-General Regional Policy.
New guidelines on combining European Structural and Investment Funds with the EFSI, European Commission, March 2016.
Simplification of the implementation of Cohesion Policy, Workshops on 27 January and 10 March 2016, Final Report, Committee of Regions, Brussels, April 2016.
Visvizi, A., ‘The Eurozone crisis in perspective: causes & implications’, in: A. Visvizi, T. Stepniewski (eds.), ‘The Eurozone crisis: implications for Central and Eastern Europe’, Yearbook of the Institute of Central-East Europe, vol. 10, issue 5, 2012, pp. 13-32.
Implementing the EU budget through financial instruments – lessons to be learnt from the 2007-2013 programme period, Special Report No 19/2016 European Court of Auditors, 2016.
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down common provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund Plus, the Cohesion Fund, and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund and financial rules for those and for the Asylum and Migration Fund, the Internal Security Fund and the Border Management and Visa Instrument, COM(2018)375 final, European Commission, Strasbourg, 29.05.2018.
Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU, EURATOM) No. 966/2012 of 25 October 2012 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union and repealing Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No. 1605/2002.
Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU, EURATOM) No 547/2014 of 15 May 2014 amending Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union.
Logistics became an area in which the local organizations needed to achieve a competitive advantage against overseas organizations so that they could offer reliable and responsible servicing on the market. On the other hand, entering foreign markets entailed longer, costlier and more complex operations. Good management of logistics processes, therefore, was the tool for the achievement of global opportunities. In recent years, the importance and role of procurement have changed significantly. Procurement has become an important business function. Efficient business operations are not only important for an individual company but for the entire national economy and the society as a whole, as prosperity depends on the business performance of companies. In the paper, we show the importance of purchase and distribution logistics for international trade. The following paper also analyses logistical obstacles when operating in international markets. We found out, that internationalization still represents an obstacle for many companies with several years of experience, especially in the field of logistics.
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People’s Republic of China’s idea of Eurasian Integration, commonly dubbed Belt and Road initiative, is perceived as both an opportunity and a challenge for the East and Central Europe. While analyzing the execution of the Chinese regional integration policies one can identify the major motifs of Chinese rise and development, the bilateral and multilateral patterns of interaction with international actors, and the evolving Chinese attitude toward global Powers as well as toward developing states. At first, it was welcomed with open arms by many actors. However, as the time passes by, the disappointing inertia in relations between PRC and the region, as well as disturbing similarities in patterns of the Middle Kingdom relations with other parts of the World, provoke questions over the true nature of Chinese engagement with Eastern flank of EU. The paper aims to place the Chinese policies referring to Central Europe within a broader pattern of Chinese regional cooperation policies. Despite the rapid diversification of PRC regional engagement in different parts of the Globe, the scheme employed by the Middle Kingdom remains relatively similar in most of the cases, both in terms of opportunities and limitations.
Krzysztof Kozłowski, ‘The New Silk Road and Central Europe: Eurasian integration with Chinese characteristics’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2018, pp. 131-146.
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The concept of cleavage, as it was theorized by Stein Rokkan in the late 1960s, sends to a deep and lasting division between groups, based on a certain type of conflict. It links the individual behaviour to macro-historical processes that will shape the political field for decades. A controversial issue is the application of the Western Europe-specific cleavages, where national and industrial revolutions have produced profound transformations with a lasting impact on party systems, outside this area. By focusing on the Romanian case, the paper explores the cleavages before the establishment of communism and those emerged after its collapse, results of this regime and/or of the process of transition to democracy. The adopted perspective is to use Rokkan’s typology as a reference point, to analyze the extent to which it has descriptive capacity for the Romanian space, and even if losing the rigor of definition, to refer to the tensions and divisions which, although not necessarily leading to the emergence of political parties, have the potential to shape the political action.
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The objective of this paper is to examine why the French economy, having done quite well during the period of global financial crisis, has been unable to head off to the path of sound economic growth again, while at the same time the German economy, by European standards, has been flourishing. Is it related to the specificities of French capitalism (centralisation, rigidities, delays in structural reforms, etc.) or some EU policies (pre-eminently the monetary one) are to blame? A thorough examination of this issue is of the utmost importance considering that a permanent shift in the balance of power between France and Germany might prove detrimental to the European integration process at large.
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