Institute of Central Europe/Yearbook 17 (2019)/Issue 3
Yearbook 21 (2023)
Yearbook 20 (2022)
Yearbook 19 (2021)
Yearbook 18 (2020)
Yearbook 17 (2019)
Yearbook 16 (2018)
Yearbook 15 (2017)
Yearbook 14 (2016)
Yearbook 13 (2015)
Yearbook 12 (2014)
Yearbook 11 (2013)
Yearbook 10 (2012)
Yearbook 9 (2011)
Yearbook 8 (2010)
Yearbook 7 (2009)
Yearbook 6 (2008)
Yearbook 5 (2007)
Yearbook 4 (2006)
Yearbook 3 (2005)
Yearbook 2 (2004)
Yearbook 1 (2003)

The Three Seas Initiative in the International Perspective

Issue editor: Agata Tatarenko, Łukasz Lewkowicz

ISSN: 1732-1395

e-ISSN: 2719-2911

Number of pages: 150

Publisher: Instytut Europy Środkowej

Edition: Lublin 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.3

Issue 3

Articles

Article

The Three Seas Initiative in the Context of International Challenges

Łukasz Lewkowicz
Views count: 1139
The aim of the article is to introduce and explain the concept of the Three Seas Initiative, to show the external perspective of this new regional cooperation format, and to briefly discuss the articles and reviews found in the journal’s volume.

Domachowska A., ‘Szczyt państw Inicjatywy Trójmorza: dalsze wzmacnianie współpracy’, Komentarze IEŚ, no. 36, 2019, https://ies.lublin.pl/komen- tarze/szczyt-panstw-inicjatywy-trojmorza-dalsze-wzmacnianie-wspol- pracy-36-36-2019 [2019-12-01].

Kowal P., Orzelska-Stączek A., Inicjatywa Trójmorza: geneza, cele i funkc- jonowanie, Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2019.

Kushnir O. (ed.), The Intermarium as the Polish-Ukrainian Linchpin of Bal- tic-Black Sea Cooperation, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019, pp. 210. ISBN: 978-1-5275-2712-6.

Lipták Ľ., Slovaks. A Century Longer than a Hundred Years, selection and translation by Magdalena Bystrzak, International Cultural Centre Pub- lishing House, Cracow 2019, pp. 332. ISBN 978-83-63463-87-8.

The Official Website of the Three Seas Initiative, http://three-seas.eu/ [2019- 12-01].

Article

The Three Seas Initiative: Geopolitical Determinants and Polish Interests

George Soroka
Views count: 1173
Since 2015, Polish foreign policy has witnessed a gradual rise in the significance of regional cooperation, as reflected in its enthusiasm for the Three Seas Initiative (TSI). The Initiative constitutes an in statu nascendi under the region between the Baltic, Black, and Adriatic Seas. (In Poland, a popular acronym to denote the project is the ‘ABC initiative,’ which reflects the Polish names of these bodies of water [i.e., Adriatyk, Bałtyk, Czarne]. However, it must be emphasized that the member states of the TSI do not operate in a vacuum, but rather within a broader institutional framework that includes the European Union, the Central European Initiative, and the Visegrad Group. This paper begins by outlining the prospective geopolitical determinants that will determine the success or failure of the TSI, with particular attention paid to issues of regional security. It concludes by analysing how the Initiative may become a new model for regional cooperation.

G. Soroka, T. Stępniewski, The Three Seas Initiative: Geopolitical Determinants and Polish Interests, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 3, s. 15-29, DOI: 10.36874/RIESW.2019.3.2.

Ankieta Arkanów, ‘Ekonomiczne i kulturowe podstawy Trójmorza, Arcana. Kultura, Historia, Polityka, no. 5 (137), Cracow 2017, pp. 19-39.

Atlantic Council, ‘The Road Ahead – CEE Transport Infrastructure Dynam- ics’, Joint Atlantic Council – PwC Report, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ industries/capital-projects-infrastructure/publications/the-road-ahead. html [2019-11-04].

Bieliszczuk B., ‘Trójmorze: współpraca na rzecz unijnego i regionalnego rynku gazu’, PISM Bulletin, no. 63 (1505), 30 June 2017, www.pism.pl.

Chodakiewicz M.J., Intermarium: The Land Between the Black and Baltic Seas, New York: Routledge, 2017.

Chojan A., ‘Grupa Wyszehradzka w polityce zagranicznej Polski – między współpracą a rywalizacją’, Biuletyn Analiz i Opinii ZE ISPPAN, no. 4, 2016.

Eberhardt P., ‘Ekonomiczne i kulturowe podstawy Trójmorza. Ankieta „Arkana”’ Arcana. Culture, History, Politics, no. 5 (137), 2017, pp. 20-21.

Gniazdowski M., ‘Trójmorze – nowy instrument w polskiej polityce zagranicznej’, Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny, no. 4 (71), 2017, pp. 79-82.

Heritage Foundation, ‘Advancing Liberty and Economic Freedom Through the Three Seas Initiative’, 8 March 2018, https://www.heritage.org/eu- rope/event/advancing-liberty-and-economic-freedom-through-thethree-seas-initiative [2019-11-20].

Kawczynski S., ‘Why Germany should care about B9?’, New Eastern Europe, 29 June 2018, http://neweasterneurope.eu/2018/06/29/germany-careb9/ [2018-07-04].
Kobzová J., ‘The Visegrad Group in Eastern Europe: an actor, not a leader yet’,

Visegrad Insight, no. 2, 2012, p. 62, http://visegradrevue.eu/the-visegradgroup-in-eastern-europe-an-actor-not-a-leader-yet/ [2019-01-06].

Kokot M., ‘Wyłom w Trójmorzu. Czesi nie chcą być częścią antynie- mieckiego paktu’, Gazeta Wyborcza, 19 June 2017, http://wyborcza.pl/ 7,75399,21976040,wylom-w-trojmorzu-czesi-nie-chca-byc-czescia-antyniemieckiego.html [2018-12-15].

Kowal P., Orzelska-Stączek A., Inicjatywa Trójmorza: geneza, cele i funkcjonowanie, Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, 2019.

Kurecic P., ‘Can the Three Seas Bring a New Balanceto European Politics’, New Eastern Europe, no. 2, 2019, http://neweasterneurope.eu/2019/03/05/can- the-three-seas-bring-a-new-balance-to-european-politics/ [2019-10-15].

Ministry of Infrastructure of Poland, ‘Via Carpatia wpisana do projektu rozporządzenia CEF’, News, 6 June 2018, https://www.gov.pl/web/in- frastruktura/via-carpatia-wpisana-do-projektu-rozporzadzenia-cef [2018-06-25].

Olejarz T., Stępniewski T., ‘Grupa Wyszehradzka: status polityczny i specyfika działań międzynarodowych na przykładzie inicjatywy Partnerstwa Wschodniego Unii Europejskiej’, Rocznik IEŚW, no. 11 (1), 2013, pp. 107-125.

Orzelska-Stączek A., ‘Inicjatywa Środkowoeuropejska a Trójmorze – odmi- enne koncepcje współpracy w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej’, Studia Polityczne, no. 1 (46), 2018, pp. 149-169.

Przybylski W., ‘V4 Upgrade: Polish presidency in the Visegrad Group’, New Eastern Europe, no. 3 (VIII), July-September 2013, pp. 68-74.

Sienkiewicz M., ‘Koncepcja Trójmorza w polityce zagranicznej Polski po 2015 r.’, Dyplomacja i Bezpieczeństwo, no. 1, 2016, pp. 139-151.

Szczerski K., Utopia europejska: kryzys integracji i polska inicjatywa nap- rawy, Cracow: Biały Kruk, 2017.

‘The Joint Statement on the Three Seas Initiative (The Dubrovnik State- ment)’, 25 August 2016, http://predsjednica.hr/files/The%20Joint%20State- ment%20on%20The%20Three%20Seas%20Initiative(1).pdf [2019-11-25].

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, no. 2, 2017.

Trump D., ‘Remarks by President Trump at the Three Seas Initiative Summit’, The White House, 6 July 2017, https://translations.state.gov/2017/07/06/ remarks-by-president-trump-at-the-three-seas-initiative-summit-ju- ly-6-2017/ [2019-11-14].

TSI, ‘The Three Seas Initiative: About’, http://three-seas.eu/about/ [2019- 10-23].

Ukielski P., ‘Mapa Trójmorza. Przegląd punktów wspólnych i rozbieżności w polityce 12 państw regionu’, Raport Centrum Analiz Klubu Jagiellońskiego, no. 3/2016, http://cakj.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Raport-3-2016.pdf [2018-05-20].

Visvizi A., Stępniewski T. (eds), ‘Poland, the Czech Republic and NATO in Fragile Security Contexts’, IESW Reports, December 2016.

Article

The Three Seas Initiative, a New Project at the Heart of European and Global Geopolitical Rivalries

Pierre-Emmanuel Thomann
Views count: 1184
The objective of this paper is to show the geopolitical dimension of the TSI from a French point of view. The author presents the TSI implementation process, characterises Poland’s rivalry with Germany and Russia in a historical context, emphasizes the important role of Germany in the entire project, and reviews Russia’s attitude towards the region. The article includes numerous maps made by the author.

P.-E. Thomann, The Three Seas Initiative, a New Project at the Heart o fEuropean and Global Geopolitical Rivalries, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 3, s. 31-63, DOI: 10.36874/RIESW.2019.3.3.

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty), 1972-2002.

Biznes Alert, ‘Gen. Hodges: Centralny Port Komunikacyjny zwiększy mobilność na wschodniej flance NATO’, 29 January 2019, https://bizne- salert.pl/hodges-centralny-port-komunikacyjny-mobilnosc-nato/ [2019- 10-01].

Brzezinski I., Koranyi D., ‘Completing Europe: The North South Corridor’, At- lantic Council, 20 April 2015, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new- atlanticist/completing-europe-the-north-south-corridor/ [2019-11-27].

Brzezinski I., Koranyi D., ‘The Three Seas Summit: A Step Toward Realizing theVisionofaEuropeWhole,Free,andatPeace?’,AtlanticCouncil,5July 2017, http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-three- seas-summit-a-step-toward-realizing-the-vision-of-a-europe-whole-free- and-at-peace [2019-10-01].

Brzezinski Z., The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy And Its Geostrate- gic Imperatives, Basic Books, 1997.

Bundespraesident, ‘Alexander Van der Bellen: »Drei-Meere-Initiative ist eine willkommene Plattform der EU«’, Aktuelles, 17 September 2018, htt- ps://www.bundespraesident.at/aktuelles/detail/news/drei-meere-initia- tive-2018/ [2019-10-01].

China-CEEC Cooperation, ‘’16+1’ Summit has concluded’, 10 November 2016, http://www.china-ceec.org/eng/ldrhw_1/2016lj/hdxw4/t1414327. htm [2019-11-27].

ChodakiewiczM.J.,‘RuchyBerlina’,TygodnikSolidarność,11September2018, https://tysol.pl/a23656–tylko-u-nas-Marek-Jan-Chodakiewicz-Ruchy- Berlina [2019-10-01].

Clausewitz von C., De la Guerre, Editions Payot et rivages, 2006.

Die Bundesregierung, ‘Rede des Bundesministers des Auswärtigen, Heiko Maas, bei der rumänischen Botschafterkonferenz am 27. August 2018 in Bukarest’, Bulletin, 85-2, 28 August 2018, https://www.bundesregierung. de/breg-de/service/bulletin/rede-des-bundesministers-des-auswaertigenheiko-maas–1527072 [2019-10-01].

Elysée, ‘Discours du Président de la République à la Conférence des Ambassadeurs’, 27 August 2018, https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel- macron/2018/08/27/discours-du-president-de-la-republique-a-la-con- ference-des-ambassadeurs [2019-10-01].

Emerging Europe, 11 June 2019, https://emerging-europe.com/news/polish- and-romanian-banks-establish-three-seas-investment-fund/ [2019-10- 01].

European Commission, ‘Action Plan on military mobility: EU takes steps to- wards a Defence Union’, 28 March 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/transport/ themes/infrastructure/news/2018-03-28-action-plan-military-mobili- ty_en [2019-10-01].

European Commission, ‘Discours du Président Jean-Claude Juncker au som- met de l’Initiative des Trois Mers’, 18 September 2018, http://europa.eu/ rapid/press-release_SPEECH-18-5825_fr.htm [2019-10-01].

European Council, ‘EU-NATO joint declaration’, Press release, 8 July 2016, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/07/08/ eu-nato-joint-declaration/ [2019-10-01].

European Council, ‘Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) first col- laborative PESCO projects – Overview’, https://www.consilium.europa. eu/media/32079/pesco-overview-of-first-collaborative-of-projects-for- press.pdf [2019-10-01].

Financial Times, ‘Eastern Europe to confront Berlin over new Russian gas pipeline’, 29 November 2015, https://www.ft.com/content/eb1ebca8- 9514-11e5-ac15-0f7f7945adba [2019-10-01].

Financial Times, ‘Three Seas seeks to turn tide on east-west divide’, 21 No- vember 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/2e328cba-c8be-11e8-86e6- 19f5b7134d1c [2019-10-01].

Financial Times, ‘Trump looks to lift LNG exports in US trade shift’, 22 June 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/c5c1958c-5761-11e7-80b6- 9bfa4c1f83d2 [2019-10-01].

Foucher M., La bataille des cartes, Analyse critique des visions du monde, François Bourin Editeur, 2011.

German Federal Foreign Office, ‘Speech by Foreign Minister Heiko Maas at the New Year reception of the German Eastern Business Association (OAOEV)’, Newsroom, 10 January 2019, https://www.auswaertiges-amt. de/en/newsroom/news/new-year-reception-german-eastern-business- association/2177446 [2019-10-01].

German Federal Foreign Office, ‘Speech by State Secretary Andreas Michaelis at the Summit of the Three Seas Initiative’, Newsroom, 6 July 2019, https:// www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/michaelis-3-seas-initia- tive/2227006 [2019-10-01].

Gotev G., ‘Kremlin accuses Trump of trying to bully Europe into buying US LNG’, Euroactiv, 13 July 2018, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy/ news/kremlin-accuses-trump-of-trying-to-bully-europe-into-buying-us- lng/ [2019-10-01].

Hodges B., ‘Don’t put US bases in Poland. NATO can and must do a lot more todeterRussiawithoutdividingallies’,Politico,19April2019,https://www. politico.eu/article/dont-put-us-bases-in-poland/ [2019-10-01].

Industrie Magazin, ‘Hintergrund: Plötzlich will auch Berlin bei Drei-Meere- Initiative mitmachen’, 19 September 2018, https://industriemagazin.at/a/ hintergrund-ploetzlich-will-auch-berlin-bei-drei-meere-initiative-mit- machen [2019-10-01].

Istrate D., ‘Hungary helps Russia deliver military vehicles to Serbia’, Emerging Europe, 30 July 2019, https://emerging-europe.com/news/hungary-helps- russia-deliver-military-vehicles-to-serbia/ [2019-10-01].

Karaganov S., ‘From East to West or greater Eurasia, Russia in global affairs’, Russia in Global Affaires, 25 October 2016, https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/ pubcol/From-East-to-West-or-Greater-Eurasia-18440 [2019-10-01].

Lacoste Y., Géopolitique, la longue histoire d’aujourd’hui, Larousse, 2009.

Laruelle M., Riviera E., ‘Imagined Geographies of Central and Eastern Eu- rope: The Concept of Intermarium’, IERES Occasional Papers, March 2019, https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/laruelle-riveraieres_papers_march_2019_1.pdf [2019-10-01].

MFA of Poland, ‘Three Seas Initiative summit in Ljubljana’, News, 6 June 2019, https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/three-seas-initiative-summit-in-ljubljana [2019-10-01].

Montgrenier J.-S., Dubois-Grasset J., ‘La Pologne, acteur géostratégique émergent et puissance européenne’, Note d’actualité, no. 51, June 2018, Institut Thomas More, http://institut-thomas-more.org/2018/06/30/la-pologne- acteur-geostrategique-emergent-et-puissance-europeenne/ [2019-10-01].

Mussetti M., ‘Economia e difesa, il senso della Romania per il Trimarium’, Limes, 20 September 2018, http://www.limesonline.com/economia-e- difesa-il-senso-della-romania-per-il-trimarium/108711 [2019-10-01].

Paillard Ch.-A., ‘L’Initiative des trois mers, un nouveau terrain d’affrontement majeurrusso-américain’,Areion24News,9September2018,https://www. areion24.news/2018/09/09/linitiative-des-trois-mers-un-nouveau-ter- rain-daffrontement-majeur-russo-americain/4/ [2019-10-01].

President of Poland, ‘Speech by the President during the Three Seas Initiative Business Forum’, News, 17 September 2018, https://www.president.pl/en/ news/art,843,speech-by-the-president-during-the-three-seas-initiative- business-forum.html [2019-10-01].

Raymond A., Paix et Guerre entre les Nations, Calman-Levy, 1962.

Speck U., ‘Toward a ‘New Ostpolitik’?’, Berlin Observer, 7 October 2018, https://berlinpolicyjournal.com/toward-a-new-ostpolitik/ [2019-10-01].

Thomann P.-E., ‘Guerre Russie Géorgie: première guerre du monde multipo- laire’, Revue Défense Nationale, no. 10, October 2008. Version available here: http://www.ieri.be/fr/node/329 [2019-10-01].

Thomann P.-E., Le couple franco-allemand et le projet européen, représentations géopolitiques, unité et rivalités, L’Harmattan, 2015.

Trump D., ‘Remarks at the Three Seas Initiative Summit in Poland’, 6 July 2017, full transcript at https://time.com/4846780/read-donald-trump-speech-warsaw-poland-transcript/ [2019-10-01].

TSI Ljubljana Summit, https://www.three.si/2019-summit [2019-10-01]. TSI,‘PriorityInterconnectionProjects2019StatusReport’,https://www.three.si/progress-report [2019-10-01].

Tygodnik Solidarność, ‘Najnowszy numer „Tygodnika Solidarność”: Po co Niemcom Trójmorze?’, 9 September 2018, https://www.tysol.pl/a23593- Najnowszy-numer-%E2%80%9ETygodnika-Solidarnosc%E2%80%9D-Po- co-Niemcom-Trojmorze- [2019-10-01]

Tyler P.E., ‘U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop’, The New York Times, 9 March 1992, https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/world/ us-strategy-plan-calls-for-insuring-no-rivals-develop.html [2019-10-01].

U.S. Embassy in Estonia, ‘Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eura- sian Affairs Mitchell’s Heritage Speech’, News & Events, 7 June, 2018, htt- ps://ee.usembassy.gov/a-s-mitchells-speech/ [2019-10-01].

Vaïsse J., Zbigniew Brzezinski: stratège de l’empire, Odile Jacob, 2016.

WikiLeaks, ‘Poland: a Natural U.S. Ally on Eastern Policy’, 12 December 2008, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08WARSAW1409_a.html [2019-10-01].

Zieliński M.J., ‘Antirusso perché filoeuropeo: il Trimarium seconda Varsavia’,Limes,no.12,2017,http://www.limesonline.com/cartaceo/antirusso-perche-filoeuropeo-il-trimarium-secondo-varsavia [2019-10-01].

Żurawski vel Grajewski P., ‘La nuova Europa Longitudinale: Il trimarium visto dalla Polonia’, Limes, no. 12, 2017, http://www.limesonline.com/ cartaceo/la-nuova-europa-longitudinale-il-trimarium-visto-dalla-polonia [2019-10-01].

Article

Evolution of Germany’s Stance Regarding the Three Seas Initiative

Martin Dahl
Views count: 1119
When the political camp centred on the Law and Justice party (PiS) came to power in 2015, it led to a change in priorities in Polish foreign policy. The Three Seas Initiative (TSI), understood as closer cooperation between eastern states of the European Union in the area between the Baltic, Adriatic, and Black seas, has become a new instrument of foreign policy. The initiative demonstrates the growing importance of Central and Eastern Europe in the global game of great powers. The region has become a subject of rivalry, not only between the United States and Russia but also China. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to try to describe the importance of the region to Germany and how Germany’s stance on the TSI has evolved. The article consists of three parts, an introduction to the issues, the genesis of the TSI, and the definition of goals set by the states participating in this initiative, as well as analysis of the German stance towards the initiative since its development in 2015. The theories of geopolitics and neorealism are used as the theoretical basis for the analysis.

M. Dahl, Evolution of Germany’s Stance Regarding the Three Seas Initiative, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 3, s. 65-77, DOI: 10.36874/RIESW.2019.3.4.

Andrychowicz-Skrzeba J., Reicht R., ‘Goodbye Europe? Die Außenpolitik der polnischen PiS-Regierung’, Internationale Politikanalyse, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, June 2016.

Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie, ‘Russische Föderation – Wirtschaftliche Beziehungen’, Artikel, https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/ DE/Artikel/Aussenwirtschaft/laendervermerk-russische-foerderation. html [2019-07-21].

Chojan A., ‘Grupa Wyszehradzka w polityce zagranicznej Polski – między współpracą a rywalizacją’, Biuletyn Analiz i Opinii ZE ISPPAN, no. 4, 2016.

Czaputowicz J., Teorie stosunków międzynarodowych. Krytyka i systematyzacja, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2008.

Fischer J., Der Abstieg des Westens, Köln: Verlag Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 2018.

Fiszer J.M., ‘Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe w multipolarnym ładzie globalnym ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli Rosji’,Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna, no. 4, 2013.

Fiszer J.M., ‘System euroatlantycki i bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe w multipolarnym świecie’, Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna, no. 2, 2013.

Gniazdowski M., ‘Trójmorze – nowy instrument w polskiej polityce zagranicznej’, Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny, no. 4, 2017.

Grzymski J., ‘Granice Europy w wyobrażeniach i praktykach Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa i Partnerstwa Wschodniego’, Przegląd Europejski, no. 3, 2017.

Hasselbach Ch., Romaniec R., ‘Drei-Meere-Initiative Putin, Trump und Ximischen mit: Der Osten der EU wird zum Brennpunkt der Großmächte’, Focus online, 5 June 2019, https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/drei- meere-initiative-berlin-wertet-drei-meere-initiative-auf_id_10795403. html [2019-07-22].

Janulewicz Ł., Żornaczuk T., ‘Germany and the Three Seas Initiative’, Bulle- tin of The Polish Institute of International Affairs, no. 120 (1366), 22 Au- gust 2019, http://www.pism.pl/upload/files/Bulletin%20PISM%20no%20 120%20(1366)%2022%20August%202019(1).pdf [2019-10-11].

Kędzierski M., ‘Śpieszmy się kochać Niemców. W przededniu europejsk- iego kryzysu’, Klub Jagielloński, 14 January 2018, http://jagiellonski24. pl/2018/01/14/spieszmy-sie-kochac-niemcow-w-przededniu-europejsk- iego-kryzysu/ [2019-07-21].

Kopeć R., Mazur P., Odstraszanie militarne w XXI wieku. Polska – NATO – Rosja Cracow: Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN, 2017.

Lepiarz J., ‘Grupa Wyszehradzka największym partnerem handlowym Niemiec’, Gazeta Prawna, 24 October 2017, http://www.gazetapraw- na.pl/artykuly/1080413,faz-grupa-wyszehradzka-najwiekszym-part- nerem-handlowym-niemiec.html [2019-07-21].

Naumann F., Mitteleuropa, Berlin: Reimer, 1915.

Popławski K., ‘Rola Europy Środkowej w gospodarce Niemiec. Konsekwencje polityczne’, Raport OSW, no. 05, 2016.

President of Poland, ‘Minister Szczerski: Inicjatywa Trójmorza to nowy pomysł na zwiększanie jedności europejskiej’, Chancellery, 4 May 2017, http:// www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/aktywnosc-ministrow/art,683,minister-szc- zerski-inicjatywa-trojmorza-to-nowy-pomysl-na-zwiekszanie-jednosci- europejskiej-.html [2019-07-17].

President of Poland, ‘Orędzie Prezydenta RP Andrzeja Dudy przed Zgro- madzeniem Narodowym z dnia 6 sierpnia 2015 roku’, News, 6 August 2015, http://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wypowiedzi-prezydenta-rp/wys- tapienia/art,1,oredzie-prezydenta-rp-andrzeja-dudy-przed-zgromadzeni- em-narodowym.html [2019-07-17].

President of Poland, Wspólna deklaracja w sprawie Inicjatywy Trójmorza, 25.08.2016, News, 25 August 2016, http://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/ wizyty-zagraniczne/art,105,wspolna-deklaracja-w-sprawie-inicjatywy- trojmorza.html [2019-07-18].

Sienkiewicz M., ‘Koncepcja Trójmorza w polityce zagranicznej Polski po 2015 r.’, Dyplomacja i Bezpieczeństwo, no. 1 (4), 2016.

Soroka G., ‘Was Polen in der Drei-Meere-Initiative sieht’, ZOiS Spotlight, no. 28, 2019, https://www.zois-berlin.de/publikationen/zois-spotlight/was- polen-in-der-drei-meere-initiative-sieht/ [2019-07-21].

Steinmeier F.-W., Europa ist die Lösung. Churchills Vermächtnis, Wals bei Salzburg: Ecowin Verlag, 2016.

Stępniewski T., ‘Partnerstwo Wschodnie Unii Europejskiej w dobie wstrząsów i przemian Europy Wschodniej’, Studia Europejskie, no. 3, 2017.

‘The Road Ahead – CEE Transport Infrastructure Dynamics’, Joint Atlantic Council – PwC Report, 2017.

Ukielski P., ‘Inicjatywa Trójmorza w polskiej polityce zagranicznej’, Studia Europejskie, no. 2, 2018.

Verosta S., The German Concept of Mitteleuropa, 1914-1918 and its Contem- porary Critics, in: R.A. Kann, B.A. Király, P.S. Fichtner (eds), The Habs- burg Empire in World War I. Essays on the Intellectual, Military, Political and Economic Aspects of the Habsburg War Effort, New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.

Więcławski J., ‘Contemporary Realism and the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation’, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 2, 2011. Więcławski J., ‘Hans Morgenthau, realizm klasyczny i jego rekomendacje dla polskiejpolitykizagranicznej’,MyślEkonomicznaiPolityczna,vol.3,2011.

Article

The United States on the Three Seas Initiative

Adrian Chojan
Views count: 1116
In this paper, the U.S. stance under the administration of President Donald Trump with regard to the Three Seas Initiative (TSI) is analysed. It shows the importance of Central and Eastern Europe in U.S. foreign and security policy, concluding that the Americans treat the TSI as an instrument for achieving their own goals, especially those in energy policy.

A. Chojan, The United States on the Three Seas Initiative, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 3, s. 79-91, DOI: 10.36874/RIESW.2019.3.5.

A letter from the President of the United States Donald Trump to the par- ticipants of the Business Forum organized on the occasion of the Three Seas Summit in Bucharest in September 2018.

Ansley R., ‘Making the Three Seas Initiative a Priority for Trump’, Atlantic Council, 3 May 2017.

Bodalska B., ‘Inicjatywa Trójmorza zdynamizuje swoje działania’, Euractiv.pl, https://www.euractiv.pl/section/instytucje-ue/news/inicjatywa-trojmor- za-zdynamizuje-swoje-dzialania/ [2019-06-12].

Chojan A., ‘Zaangażowanie Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w Europie Środkowo- Wschodniej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski’, in: J.M. Fiszer (ed.), Unia Europejska – Chiny w XXI wieku, Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Poli- tycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2018.

Dahl M., ‘Inicjatywa Trójmorza z perspektywy niemieckiej’, Studia Europe- jskie, no. 2, 2018.

Donald Trump’s speech during his visit to Warsaw on July 6, 2017.

Frączyk J., ‘Gigantyczna umowa PGNiG. Gaz z USA zastąpi rosyjski’, Money. pl, https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/wiadomosci/artykul/pgnig-gaz-lng-usa-port-arthur-ventureglobal,11,0,2409739.html [2019-05-14].

‘Gaz i transport. Potencjał Trójmorza w liczbach’, Biznesalert.pl, https://bi- znesalert.pl/gaz-transport-trojmorze-analiza/ [2019-05-17].

Gniazdowski M., ‘Trójmorze – nowy instrument w polskiej polityce zagran- icznej’, Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny, no. 4, 2017.

Kowal P., Orzelska-Stączek A., Inicjatywa Trójmorza: geneza, cele i funkc- jonowanie, Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2019.

Kublik A., ‘Mamy na dekady skroplony gaz z USA. A ceny są rekordowo ni- skie’, Gazeta Wyborcza, 25 July 2019.

MartewiczM.,‘PolandSeesTrumpVisitCatalysttoCutRussianGasReliance’, Bloomberg.com, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-04/ poland-seeks-trump-visit-catalyst-to-cut-reliance-on-russian-gas [2019- 06-14].

Maurice E., ‘US yet to push on Nord Stream 2 sanctions’, Euobserver.com, https://euobserver.com/energy/141376 [2019-05-17].

‘‘Pokój przez siłę’. Nowa strategia bezpieczeństwa USA’, Defence24.pl, https:// www.defence24.pl/pokoj-przez-sile-nowa-strategia-bezpieczenstwa-usa [2019-09-13].

‘‘Polska zapłaci miliardy za obecność wojsk USA’. Będziecie zdziwieni, ile płacą Niemcy’, Wp.pl, https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/polska-zaplaci-mil- iardy-za-obecnosc-wojsk-usa-bedziecie-zdziwieni-ile-placa-niemcy- 6297002229626497a [2019-05-16].

Seroka M., ‘Chorwacja bliżej budowy terminalu LNG na wyspie Krk’, Ana- lizy OSW, 6 February 2019.

Sienkiewicz M., ‘Koncepcja Trójmorza w polityce zagranicznej Polski po 2015 roku’, Dyplomacja i Bezpieczeństwo, no. 1, 2016.

‘Stany Zjednoczone: ‘America First’ według Donalda Trumpa’, Rocznik Stra- tegiczny, 2017/2018.

Stępniewski T., ‘Inicjatywa Trójmorza: uwarunkowania geopolityczne i nowy model regionalnej współpracy’, Studia Europejskie, no. 2, 2018.

Szczerek Z., ‘Trójmorze – odpowiedź na Unię dwóch prędkości’, Polityka, 27 June 2017.

Szumiło M., ‘Prospects of building Intermarium – a regional security sys- tem in Central and Eastern Europe’, in: R. Kordonski, O. Struk, K. Sygi- dus, J. Ruciński (eds), Quo vadis humanitas? Wyzwania i perspektywy rozwoju środowiska międzynarodowego w XXI wieku, Lwów-Olsztyn: Vidavnictvo PAÌS, 2015.

Świerczyński, ‘Dwa miliardy za dywizję. Polska oferta dla USA jest sensacją w NATO’, Polityka, 30 May 2018.

‘TrimariumzamiastUniiEuropejskiej?’,Onet.pl,https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/ swiat/trojmorze-zamiast-unii-europejskiej/cyldxt [2019-06-12].

Zawadzki M., ‘Donald Trump: NATO jest przestarzałe, UE się rozpadnie, będziemy robić interesy z Rosją’, Gazeta Wyborcza, 16 January 2017.

Article

One Belt, One Road Between Three Seas: China’s Soft-power Policy Towards ‘New’ EU Members

Bartosz Dziewiałtowski-Gintowt
Views count: 1143
China’s soft-power practice in its international activity boils down to four areas: culture, education, diplomacy, and economy. The most important element of China’s soft-power policy seems to be the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Announced in 2013, the BRI is a complex, long-term and large-scale strategic political and economic project by the Chinese government with an infrastructure character. In this way, China is seeking to invest its capital surpluses in resurrecting the ancient Silk Road to create railroad and maritime networks with its most important trading partner – the European Union. In these circumstances, in September 2015, the presidents of Central and Eastern EU member states announced the establishment of the separate Three Seas Initiative (TSI), a political and economic project bringing together 12 EU states, including 11 ‘new’ members and Austria. These entities constitute an informal bloc of states between the Adriatic, Baltic and Black seas, though without a permanent secretariat but with rotating leadership. In addition to the lack of a formal structure, the TSI region, located mainly in the EU’s eastern part, is characterized by a weaker infrastructure network than Western Europe, lower GDP (except Austria), and high dependence on gas supplies from Russia (except Croatia). To overcome these disparities, the TSI has developed a catalogue of 48 investment priorities in three economic areas: energy, transport, and digitalisation. China’s soft-power policy towards the ‘new’ EU members may be decided by the American patronage of the TSI and the fact that one of the flagship projects is the North-South Gas Corridor, which will enable the sale of American LNG in Central Europe, which has been dependent on gas supplies from Russia, China’s partner in the BRI. In the context of the US-China trade war, White House planners recognise Central Europe as both a peripheral and key area for their policy and seek to strengthen the Three Seas project, which may lead to limiting areas of cooperation under the ‘17+1’ format, involving CEE countries and China. On the other hand, the development of better energy, transport and digital connections in the EU’s east clearly intersects with China’s idea of building a New Eurasian Land Bridge under the BRI to connect the most economically developed edges of Eurasia. The new U.S. strategy towards the countries of the CEE seems to boil down to involvement in specific energy-related projects. Instead of blocking or diminishing BRI-related infrastructure projects in China, they seem in fact to complement the Chinese activity in the CEE. Increased investment by American enterprises in the region may allow the administration in Washington to maintain control of Chinese infrastructure investments, and the US involvement may even lead to the participation of American companies in projects originally started by Beijing.

B. Dziewiałtowski-Gintowt, One Belt, One Road Between Three Seas: China’s Soft-power Policy Towards ‘New’ EU Members, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 3, s. 93-114, DOI: 10.36874/RIESW.2019.3.6

‘Austria warns about China’s rising influence in Europe’, Japanese Nikkei Asian Review, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/Austria-warns- about-China-s-rising-influence-in-Europe [2019-10-02].

‘EU sets collision course with China over ‚Silk Road’ rail project Belgrade- Budapest’, Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/003bad14-f52f- 11e6-95ee-f14e55513608 [2019-10-02].

‘Speech of Robert M. Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense at the Kansas State Uni- versity’, 26 November 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20100801065608/ http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1199 [2019-09- 19].

Bartosiak J., Rzeczpospolita między Lądem a Morzem. O wojnie i pokoju, Warsaw: Zona Zero, 2018.

Dorota R., ‘Europe centrale: l’Initiative des Trois mers’, Politique Étrangère, vol. 83, no. 2, 2018.

Góralczyk B., Wielki Renesans. Chińska transformacja i jej konsekwencje, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Akademickie „Dialog”, 2018.

Górski J., ‘China’s Strategy towards Central and Eastern Europe Within the Framework of 16+1 Group: The Case of Poland’, in: W. Zhang, I. Alon, Ch. Lattemann, (ed.), China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Changing the Rules of Globalization, Springer, 2018.

Jinping X., The Governance of China, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2014. Kościelniak C., ‘Szkolnictwo wyższe i dyplomacja naukowa jako narzędzie soft power w polityce ChRL wobec Unii Europejskiej’, Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 1, 2018.

Kowal P., Orzelska-Stączek A., Inicjatywa Trójmorza: geneza, cele i funkcjonowanie, Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2019.

Mierzejewski D. et al., Aktywność gospodarcza i polityczna Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w regionie Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. Raport Ośrodka Spraw Azjatyckich, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2018.

Nye J., ‘China’s Soft Power Deficit To catch up, its politics must unleash the many talents of its civil society’, The Wall Street Journal, 8 May 2012.

Nye J., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, London: Basic Books, 1990.

Nye J., Soft Power. Jak osiągnąć sukces w polityce światowej, Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne, 2007.

Pavlićević D., ‘A Power Shift Underway in Europe? China’s Relationship with Central and Eastern Europe Under the Belt and Road Initiative’, in: L. Xing (ed.), Mapping China’s ‘One Belt One Road’ Initiative, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.

Selim I. et al., The emergence of a European project. Three Summits for the Three Seas Initiative, Warsaw-București: OSW and New Strategy Center, 2018.

Shambaugh D., ‘China’s Soft-Power push. The Search for Respect’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 94, no. 4, 2016.

The Official Announcement from the Website of the Bank Gospodarst- wa Krajowego (Domestic Holding Bank), https://media.bgk.pl/60741- fundusz-trojmorza-oficjalnie-zalozony-bgk-podpisal-akt-zalozycielski [2019-10-02].

The Official Website of 17+1 Initiative, ‘Riga Declaration’, http://www.china- ceec.org/eng/ldrhw_1/2016lj/hdxw4/t1413461.htm [2019-09-25].

The Official Website of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, https://www. aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html [2019- 09-29].

The Official Website of China’s National Development and Reform Com- mission, ‘Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road’, http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsre- lease/201503/t20150330_669367.html [2019-09-29].

The Official Website of Confucius Institute Headquarters Hanban, http:// english.hanban.org/node_10971.htm [2019-09-15].

The Official Website of European Commission, ‘Imports, exports and trade balance in goods between the EU and China, 2008-2018’, https://ec.europa. eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=China-EU_internation- al_trade_in_goods_statistics#EU_and_China_in_world_trade_in_goods [2019-09-20].

The Official Website of the 17+1 Initiative, http://www.china-ceec.org/eng/ [2019-09-19].

The Official Website of the Fourth Summit of the Three Seas Initiative, ‘Joint Declaration of the Fourth Summit of the Three Seas Initiative’, 5-6 June 2019, , https://three.si/joint-declaration [2019-07-30].

The Official Website of the Polish General Directorate for National Roads and Highways, https://www.gddkia.gov.pl/pl/a/34694/Podpisalismy-umowe- na-ostatni-odcinek-drogi-ekspresowej-S14 [2019-10-02].

The Official Website of the Polish Property News Service, https://www.prop- ertynews.pl/magazyny/30-tys-mkw-dla-bsh-panattoni-powieksza-cen- tral-european-logistics-hub,74940.html [2019-09-29].

The Official Website of the Reuters Information Agency, ‘Croatia’s troubled Pula shipyard placed into bankruptcy’, https://www.reuters.com/article/ croatia-shipbuilding/croatias-troubled-pula-shipyard-placed-into-bank- ruptcy-idUSL5N22P1Y6 [2019-10-02].

The Official Website of the Three Seas Initiative, ‘Joint Declaration of the Third Summit of the Three Seas Initiative’, 17-18 September 2018, http:// three-seas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/BUCHAREST-SUMMIT- JOINT-DECLARATION.pdf [2019-07-30].

The Official Website of the Three Seas Initiative, ‘The Joint Statement on The Three Seas Initiative (The Dubrovnik Statement)’, http://three-seas.eu/ wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DUBROVNIK.pdf [2019-07-30].

The Official Website of the Three Seas Initiative, ‘The Second Summit of the 3SeasInitiativeJointDeclaration’,6-7July2017,http://three-seas.eu/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/WARSAW.pdf [2019-07-07].

The Official Website of the Three Seas Initiative, ‘The Three Seas Initia- tive Priority Interconnection Projects’, http://three-seas.eu/wp-content/ uploads/2018/09/LIST-OF-PRIORITY-INTERCONNECTION-PRO- JECTS-2018.pdf [2019-09-30].

The Official Website of the Three Seas Initiative, http://three-seas.eu/about/ [2019-09-30].

The Official Website of the University Alliance of the New Silk Road http:// uasr.xjtu.edu.cn/About_UASR/Members.htm [2019-10-02].

The Official Website of the Xinhua News Agency, ‘New Silk Road brings more than trade to China, Europe’, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018- 08/18/c_137399857.htm [2019-09-29].

The Official Website of the Xinhua News Agency, Jinping X., Work Togeth- er to Build the Silk Road Economic Belt and The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/14/c_136282982. htm [2019-09-29].

Wiśniewski B. et al., ‘Trójmorze – nowy instrument w polskiej polityce za- granicznej’, Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny, vol. 71, no. 4, 2017.

Zbińkowski G., ‘The Three Seas Initiative and its Economic and Geopolitical Effect on the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe’, Compara- tive Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe, vol. 2, no. 22, 2019.

Article

The Three Seas Initiative in the Foreign Affairs Policy of Hungary

Dominik Héjj
Views count: 1143
The Three Seas Initiative (TSI) constitutes a project involving the cooperation of twelve European countries. Poland and Croatia, the founders of the TSI, are especially active in this respect. Even though Hungary seems the closest political ally of Poland, the state rarely participates in TSI actions. In addition, when pursuing its politics, Hungary remains in contradiction to the principles of the TSI – chiefly regarding energy policies. The paper aims to offer answers to questions concerning the significance of the TSI in Hungary’s foreign affairs policies and the state's perception of such a form of cooperation in Europe.

D. Héjj, The Three Seas Initiative in the Foreign Affairs Policy of Hungary, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 3, s. 115-135, DOI: 10.36874/RIESW.2019.3.7.

A Malév Zrt. sajtóközleménye, 3 February 2012, https://web.archive.org/ web/20120205065245/http://www.malev.hu/ [2019-09-10].

Barabás J. T., ‘A Három Tenger Kezdeményezés a 2018. szeptemberi bukaresti értekezlet után, The Three Seas Initiative After the Bucharest Summit of September 2018’, KKI-elemzések, E-2018/34.

Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister of Hungary, ‘Orbán Viktor beszéde a misszióvezetői munkaértekezleten’, Hírek, 10 March 2015, https://www. kormany.hu/hu/a-miniszterelnok/beszedek-publikaciok-interjuk/orban- viktor-beszede-a-missziovezetoi-munkaertekezleten [2019-09-10].

Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister of Hungary, ‘Rendkívüli nagyköveti értekezletet tart Orbán Viktor hétfőn’, Hírek, 8 March 2015, https://www. kormany.hu/hu/a-miniszterelnok/hirek/rendkivuli-nagykoveti-ertekezle- tet-tart-orban-viktor-hetfon [2019-09-10].

Forsal, ‘Szef MSZ: Węgry straciły 8 mld dol. z powodu sankcji UE wobec Rosji’, 28 September 2018, PAP, https://forsal.pl/swiat/rosja/ artykuly/1279273,szef-msz-wegry-stracily-8-mld-dol-z-powodu-sankcji- ue-wobec-rosji.html [2019-09-10].

Forsal, ‘Szef węgierskiego MSZ: Wywiera się na nas presję, ale skąd mamy brać gaz, jak nie z Rosji?’, PAP, 7 July 2017, https://forsal.pl/artykuly/1056380,szef- wegierskiego-msz-wywiera-sie-na-nas-presje-ale-skad-mamy-brac-gaz- jak-nie-z-rosji.html [2019-09-10].

Forsal, ‘Węgry chcą kupić 25 proc. udziałów w terminalu LNG na chorwackiej wyspie Krk’, PAP, 12 April 2019, https://forsal.pl/artykuly/1408026,wegry- chca-kupic-25-proc-udzialow-w-terminalu-lng-na-chorwackiej-wyspie- krk.html [2019-09-10].

HéjjD.,‘Héjj:WęgryniewspierająPolskiwgazie’,BiznesAlert,30March2018, http://biznesalert.pl/hejj-wegry-nie-wspieraja-polski-w-gazie/ [2019-09- 10].

Héjj D., ‘Po spotkaniu Trump – Orbán więcej wątpliwości aniżeli konkretnych deklaracji’, Komentarze IEŚ, no. 24, 2019, https://ies.lublin.pl/komentar- ze/po-spotkaniu-trump-orban-wiecej-watpliwosci-anizeli-konkretnych- deklaracji-24-24-2019 [2019-09-10].

Héjj D., ‘Polska i Węgry. Bratanki do szabli, ale nie do gazu’, Biznes Alert, 13 July 2017, http://biznesalert.pl/hejj-polska-i-wegry-bratanki-do-szab- li-ale-nie-do-gazu/ [2019-09-10].

Héjj D., ‘Węgierska diaspora i polityka narodowościowa jako element rywali- zacjipolitycznejnaWęgrzech’,in:H.Chałupczak,M.Lesińska,E.Pogorzała & T. Browarek (eds), Polityka migracyjna w obliczu współczesnych wyzwań, Lublin: Wyd. UMCS, 2018, pp. 229-235.

MFAofPoland,‘Trójmorze’,Obszarypolitykizagranicznej,https://www.gov. pl/web/dyplomacja/trojmorze [2019-09-10].

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary, ‘Szijjártó Péter meghird- ette a déli nyitás stratégiáját’, Hírek, 5 March 2015, https://www.kormany. hu/hu/kulgazdasagi-es-kulugyminiszterium/hirek/szijjarto-peter-meghir- dette-a-deli-nyitas-strategiajat [2019-09-10].

MTI, ‘Áder nem tud részt venni a bukaresti Három Tenger Kezdeményezés találkozón’, Dokumentum, 18 September 2018, http://archiv1988tol.mti. hu/Pages/HirSearch.aspx?Pmd=1 [2019-10-10].

MTI, ‘Semjén: ha a helyzet úgy alakul, benyújtjuk az Országgyűlés feloszla- tására vonatkozó javaslatot’, 9 June 2009, Dokumentum, http://archiv- 1988tol.mti.hu/Pages/HirSearch.aspx?Pmd=1 [2019-10-10].

MTI, ‘Szijjártó: Magyarország jövő évi gázellátása biztosított’, Doku- mentum, 6 June, 2019 http://archiv1988tol.mti.hu/Pages/HirSearch. aspx?Pmd=1 [2019-10-10].

MTI, ‘Orbán: a miniszterelnök-csere a megoldás a forintválságra’, Dokumentum, 21 October, 2008, http://archiv1988tol.mti.hu /Pages/ HirSearch.aspx?Pmd=1[2019-10-10].

Office of the Prime Minister of Poland, ‘9 krajów podkreśliło sprzeciw wobec projektu Nord Stream II’, News, 18 March 2016, https://www.premier.gov. pl /wydarzenia/aktualnosci/9-krajow-podkreslilo-sprzeciw-wobec-pro- jektu-nord-stream-ii.html [2019-09-10].

Papp Zs., ‘Óriási bukta a keleti nyitás’, Népszava, 17 August 2019, https://nep- szava.hu/3046858_oriasi-bukta-a-keleti-nyitas [2019-09-10].

Polskie Radio–Jedynka,‘Więcej Świata’,6 September 2019, https://www.polskieradio.pl/7/1696/Artykul/2364914,Genowefa-Grabowska-Frans-Tim- mermans-nie-bedzie-dalej-zajmowal-sie-praworzadnoscia [2019-09-10].

Tölgyesi B., ‘A Három tenger kezdeményezés és az Intermarium koncepció háttere és kilátásai, The Background and Perspectives of the Three Seas Initiative and the Intermarium Concept’, KKI-elemzések, E-2017/30.

Trading Economics, ‘Hungary Exports By Country’, https://tradingeconom- ics.com/hungary/exports-by-country [2019-09-10].

Trading Economics, ‘Hungary GDP per capita’, https://tradingeconomics. com/hungary/gdp-per-capita [2019-09-10].

Wiśniewski B., ‘Trójmorze – nowy element w polskiej polityce zagranicznej’, Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny, no. 4 (71) 2017.