Facing new challenges: the security and resilience of East-Central European states in the 21st century

Issue editor: Marta Drabczuk and Tomasz Stępniewski

ISSN: 1732-1395

e-ISSN: 2719-2911

Number of pages: 228

Publisher: Instytut Europy Środkowej

Edition: Lublin 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1

Articles

Article

The mechanisms of the Russian Federation’s domination in the regional and global security environment

Views count: 715
Celem badań, którego rezultaty przedstawiono w niniejszym artykule, było wyjaśnienie mechanizmów prowadzących do osiągania przez Federację Rosyjskiej dominacji w środowisku bezpieczeństwa regionalnego i globalnego. Do rozwiązywania problemów badawczych zastosowano podejście systemowe oraz metody: analizę i krytykę literatury, obserwację nieuczestniczącą i wywiad nieskategoryzowany. W procesie badawczym ustalono, że dominacja Federacji Rosyjskiej na arenie międzynarodowej opiera się na sile. Kluczowym czynnikiem umożliwiającym jej osiąganie jest przewaga ilościowo-jakościowa sił zbrojnych, wyrażająca się współczynnikami korelacji siły, prognozowaniem strategicznym i przewidywaniem operacyjnym, a także stosowaniem nowoczesnych form i metod użycia sił zbrojnych. Występujące dysproporcje międzynarodowe Federacja Rosyjska równoważy stosowaniem adaptacyjnej strategii, szantażem eskalacji konfliktu przy użyciu broni nuklearnej, nowoczesnymi i zaawansowanymi technologicznie zdolnościami operacyjnymi oraz ofensywnymi działaniami asymetrycznymi.
M. Banasik, The mechanisms of the Russian Federation's domination in the regional and global security environment, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 7-23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.1.

Antoniades A., From ‘Theories of Hegemony’ to ‘Hegemony Analysis’ in International Relations, Sussex 2008, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/2709786.pdf.

Banasik M., Wojna hybrydowa w teorii i praktyce Federacji Rosyjskiej, “Bellona” 2015, no. 4.

Berzins J., Russia’s New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defense Policy, Policy Paper 2, Center for Security and Strategic Research, Riga 2014.

Brzezinski Z., The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives, New York 1998.

Chuev V., Mikhailov Yu.B., Forecasting in Military Affairs, Moscow 1975.

Clark M., The Russian View of Future War: Unconventional, Diverse, and Rapid, Institute for the Study of War, Washington 2020.

Douglass J.D., Hoeber A.M., Selected Readings From Military Thought 1963-1973, “Studies of Communist Affairs” 1976, vol. 5, part II.

Edmonds J., Bendett S., Russian Battlefield Awareness and Information Dominance: Improved Capabilities and Future Challenges, Strategy Bridge, 26 February 2019, https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2019/2/26/russian-battlefield-awareness-and-information-dominance-improved-capabilities-and-future-challenges.

Fedyk N., Russian “New Generation” Warfare: Theory, Practice, and Lessons for U.S. Strategists, Small War Journals, 5 April 2017, https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/russian-%E2%80%9Cnew-generation%E2%80%9D-warfare-theory-practice-and-lessons-for-us-strategists-0.

Joint Vision 2020, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington 2000.

Kofman M., Fink A., Russian Military Strategy: Core Tenets and Operational Concepts, Washington 2021.

Korybko A., Hybrid Wars: The Indirect Adaptive Approach to Regime Change, Moscow 2015.

Ledyaev V., Domination, Power and Authority in Russia: Basic Characteristics and Forms, “Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics” 2008, no. 24(1), pp. 17-36, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233014878_Domination_Power_and_Authority_in_Russia_Basic_Characteristics_and_Forms/citations.

Łoś R., Siła współczesnych państw. Ujęcie teoretyczne, “Przegląd Politologiczny” 2018, no. 2.

Lynch III T.F., Strategic Assessment 2020. Into a New Era of Great Power Competition, Washington 2020.

Majaski Ch., Comparing a Dominant Strategy Solution vs. Nash Equilibrium Solution, Investopedia, 13 June 2021, https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/071515/what-difference-between-dominant-strategy-solution-and-nash-equilibrium-solution.asp.

Mazarr M.J., Blake J.S., Understanding the Emerging Era of International Competition. Theoretical and Historical Perspectives, Santa Monica 2018.

Minkina M., Kaszuba M., Color Revolutions as a Threat to Security of the Russian Federation. An Analysis of Russian Perspective, “Torun International Studies” 2021, vol. 1, no. 14.

Nye Jr. J. S., How Sharp Power Threatens Soft Power. The Right and Wrong Ways to Respond to Authoritarian Influence, Foreign Affairs, 24 January 2018, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-01-24/howsharp-power-threatens-soft-power.

Nye Jr. J.S., The Paradox of America Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go it Alone, New York 2002.

Oliker O., Russian Influence And Unconventional Warfare Operations In The “Gray Zone”: Lessons From Ukraine, Washington 2017.

Panda A., Chinese, Russian, South African Navies Conduct Trilateral Naval Exercises. The exercise was the first of its kind, The Diplomat, 27 November 2019, https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/chinese-russian-south-african-navies-conduct-trilateral-naval-exercises/.

Polyakova A., Boulègue M., The Evolution of Russian Hybrid Warfare, Washington 2021.

Putin W., Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club, 22 October 2015, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50548.

Radin A., Reach C., Russian Views of the International Order, Santa Monica 2017.

Russell M., Russia’s armed forces. Defence capabilities and policy, Brussels 2021.

Ryabchuk V.D. Nichipor V.I., On the Roles and Place of Forecasting and Anticipation in the System of Operational and General Work Planning, “Military Thought” 2007, no. 10, pp. 61-67.

Serzhantov A., Mazhuga S., Wars of the future: what will they be like?, “Independent Military Review” 2019, no. 35, https://nvo.ng.ru/concepts/2019-09-27/3_1063_futurewars.html.

Shashkov S., The theory of ‘manageable chaos’ put into practice, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1 March 2011, https://en.interaffairs.ru/article/the-theory-of-manageable-chaos-put-into-practice/.

Special Forces Unconventional Warfare, Fort Bragg 2010, https://nsnbc.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/special-forces-uw-tc-18-01.pdf.

The Soviet Army: Operations and Tactics, Field Manual No. 100-2-1, Washington 1984.

Thomas T., Russia’s Forms and Methods of Military Operations The Implementers of Concepts, “Military Review”, May-June 2018, https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/Thomas-Russias-Forms-Methods.pdf.

Thomas T.L., Russian Forecasts of Future War, “Military Review”, May-June 2019, https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MJ-19/Thomas-Russian-Forecast.pdf.

US-Russian spat over bombers landing in Venezuela, BBC News, 11 December 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46522358.

Wall A.E., Demystifying the Title 10-Title 50 Debate: Distinguishing Military Operations, Intelligence Activities, and Covert Action, “Harvard National Security Journal” 2011, vol. 3.

Wallimann I., Tatsis N.C., Zito G.V., On Max Weber’s Definition of Power, “Journal of Sociology” 1977, vol. 13, issue 3.

Wrong D., Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses, New Brunswick and London 2002.

Article

Strategic autonomy of the European Union in the politics of France before and after Russian aggression in Ukraine

Views count: 752
The aim of the article is to present the proposal by France as the initiator of the development of the strategic autonomy of the European Union and the politics of France before and after Russian aggression in Ukraine. The idea of the European Union’s involvement in the defence sphere has been with us for years; however, the concept of strategic autonomy is differently understood in the Member States of the European Union. For this reason, the following research questions were formulated: How is the strategic autonomy of the European Union understood in the politics of France? What is the position of France in reference to developing a “Europe of defence” for the European Union’s security and defence policy? How does Russia’s aggression in Ukraine affect the development of the European Union’s strategic autonomy in France’s policy? How does Russia’s aggression in Ukraine affect France’s position on the spread of the EU’s strategic autonomy? It would seem that the outbreak of the war in Ukraine constitutes an existential test for strategic autonomy.
K.J. Helnarska, Strategic autonomy of the European Union in the politics of France before and after Russian aggression in Ukraine, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 25-34, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.2.

De Gaulle Ch., Pamiętniki wojenne, T. 3, Ocalenie: 1944-1946, Warsaw 1968.

European Defence Agency, 2020 Card Report, https://eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/reports/card-2020-executive-summary-report.pdf.

Gnesotto N., Przyszłość Europy strategicznej, Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, Warsaw 2012.

Gotkowska J., Europejska autonomia strategiczna czy europejski filar w NATO? Niemcy wobec inicjatyw Macrona, 2020, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/komentarze-osw/2020-02-21/europejska-autonomia-strategiczna-czy-europejski-filar-w-nato.

Gotkowska J., Europejska Inicjatywa Interwencyjna, czyli francuski pomysł na obronę Europy, Klub Jagielloński, 30 December 2019, https://klubjagiellonski.pl/2019/12/30/europejska-inicjatywa-interwencyjna-czyli-francuski-pomysl-na-obrone-europy/.

Helnarska K.J., Ewolucja stanowisk Francji i Polski w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa i obrony, Warsaw 2016.

O’Donnell Th., Ekspert: „Autonomia strategiczna” Unii Europejskiej to aspiracje bez pokrycia, Bankier, 2021, https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Ekspert-Autonomia-strategiczna-Unii-Europejskiej-to-aspiracje-bez-pokrycia-8052156.html.

Osiński Ł., Na szczycie Unii Europejskiej różnice zdań co do „autonomii strategicznej” i relacji z USA, istotny głos premiera Polski, Polska Agencja Prasowa, 2021, https://www.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C823900%2Cna-szczycie-unii-europejskiej-roznice-co-do-strategicznej-autonomii-i.

Rogacin K., Emmanuel Macron w Polsce. Pierwsza wizyta prezydenta Francji. Plan wizyty. Reaktywacja Trójkąta Weimarskiego Relacja, Polska Times, 3 February 2021, https://polskatimes.pl/emmanuel-macron-w-polsce-pierwsza-wizyta-prezydenta-francji-plan-wizyty-reaktywacja-trojkata-weimarskiego-relacja/ar/c1-14759294.

Szewczyk B.M.J., Macron’s Vision for European Autonomy Crashed and Burned in Ukraine, Foreign Policy, 8 April 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/08/macron-putin-france-russia-ukraine-europe-sovereignty-strategy/.

Terlikowski M., Lorenz W., Wzmacnianie europejskich zdolności reagowania kryzysowego: propozycja Francji i Wielkiej Brytanii, Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, 28 June 2018, https://pism.pl/publikacje/Wzmacnianie_europejskich_zdolno_ci_reagowania_kryzysowego__propozycja_Francji_i_Wielkiej_Brytanii.

von der Burchard H.J., German defense minister expresses surprise over Macron criticism, Politico, 24 November 2020, https://www.politico.eu/article/annegret-kramp-karrenbauer-defense-germany-nato-macron-alliance/.

Article

The rise of a new transnational political nation: the Belarusian diaspora and its leaders after the 2020 protests

Views count: 792
When an authoritarian country lacks opportunities for free political activity, the diaspora and its leaders often take on the role of the democratic opposition against the authoritarian government and act as a political force for democratization. Although political activity abroad is very challenging and limited per se, the example of the Belarusian diaspora and its leaders demonstrates that they can play the role of an internationally recognized political entity. The pro-democratic activity of the Belarusian diaspora focuses on three main areas: the continuation of resistance against the authoritarian regime, the advancement of political representation, and the development of a credible democratic alternative including a political program for a future democratic Belarus. Yet the Russian aggression against Ukraine has put Belarusian opposition abroad at the front of a dilemma as to whether they should also take on a clear nation-building in the new geopolitical context.
M. Jaroszewicz, M. Lesińska, K. Homel, The rise of a new transnational political nation: the Belarusian diaspora and its leaders after the 2020 protests, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 35-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.3.

Akudovich V., The code of absence [Код адсутнасці], Minsk 2007.

Bedford S., Vinatier L., Resisting the Irresistible: “Failed Opposition” in Azerbaijan and Belarus Revisited, “Government and Opposition” 2019, vol. 54, no. 4.

Bekus N., Struggle over identity: The official and the alternative “Belarusianness”, Central European University Press 2010.

Bekus N., Echo of 1989? Protest Imaginaries and Identity Dilemmas in Belarus, “Slavic Review” 2021, vol. 80, no. 1.

Boix C., Stokes S., Endogenous democratization, “World Politics” 2003, vol. 55, no. 4.

Brubaker R., The “diaspora” diaspora, “Ethnic and Racial Studies” 2005, vol. 28, no. 1.

Coordination Council, The concept of law reinstatement and national reconciliation, March 2021, https://rada.vision/en/the-concept.

Dahl R., On Democracy: A Citizen’s Guide, New Haven 2000.

Douglas N., Belarus: From the Old Social Contract to New Social Identity, “ZOiS Report” 2020, vol. 6, https://en.zois-berlin.de/file-admin/media/Dateien/3 Publikationen/ZOiS_Reports/2020/ZOiS_Report_6_2020.pdf.

Greene S.A., You are what you read: media, identity, and community in the 2020 Belarusian uprising, “Post-Soviet Affairs” 2022, vol. 38, no. 1-2.

Kazharski A., Belarus’ new political nation? 2020 anti-authoritarian protests as identity building, “New Perspectives” 2021, vol. 29, no. 1.

Kłysiński K., Belarus: formation of Tsikhanouskaya’s interim cabinet, Analyses of OSW Centre for Eastern Studies, 10 August 2022, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2022-08-10/belarus-formation-tsikhanouskayas-interim-cabinet.

Koinova M., Diasporas and democratization in the post-communist world, “Communist and Post-Communist Studies” 2009, vol. 42, no. 1.

Kuzio T. Transition in Post-Communist States. Triple or Quadruple?, “Contemporary Politics” 2001, vol. 21, no. 3.

Lahvinets A., Papko A., Unfinished Business. Challenges for Belarus on its Way to Democracy, “European View” 2010, vol. 9, no. 2.

Levitsky S., Way L.A., Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War, Cambridge 2010.

Linz J., Stepan A., Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and post-Communist Europe, Baltimore 1996.

Linz J.L., Stepan A., Toward Consolidated Democracies, “Journal of Democracy” 1996, vol. 7, no. 2.

National Anti-Crisis Management, March 2022, https://belarus-nau.org/by#rec447619916.

“New Belarus” conference, Draft declaration on the aims and values of the Belarusian democratic forces, Vilnius, 9 August 2022, https://conferencenewbelarus.org/declaracija.

Pérez-Díaz V.M., The Return of Civil Society. The Emergence of Democratic Spain, Cambridge 1993.

Petrova I., Korosteleva E., Societal fragilities and resilience: The emergence of peoplehood in Belarus, “Journal of Eurasian Studies” 2021, vol. 2, no. 2.

Radio Free Liberty Europe, EU does not recognize Lukashenko as Belarusian President, Borell Says, 15 September 2020, https://www.rferl.org/a/eudoes-not-recognize-Lukashenko-borrell-says/30840563.html.

Rudkouski P., Powstawanie Białorusi, Wrocław 2009.

Shchyttsova T., Overcoming authoritarianism: path-dependency and new citizenship, in Overcoming authoritarianism: Belarus and the Eastern European Region 30 years later, “Topos Journal for Philosophy and Cultural Studies” 2021, vol. 2.

Shain Y., The Frontier of Loyalty. Political Exiles in the Age of the Nation-State, University of Michigan Press, 2005.

Sierakowski S., Belarus Uprising: The Making of a Revolution, “Journal of Democracy” 2022, vol. 31, no. 4.

Silitski V., Preempting democracy. The case of Belarus, “Journal of Democracy” 2005, vol. 26, no. 4.

Stepan A., Democratic Opposition and Democratization Theory, “Government and Opposition” 1997, vol. 32, no. 4.

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya declared herself as the national leader of Belarus, 24 February 2022, https://tsikhanouskaya.org/en/events/news/ca51ca6ec0f8686.html.

Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya announced the United Transitional Cabinet and named its first members, 9 August 2022, https://tsikhanouskaya.org/en/events/news/e1e57cee6d4a3a9.html.

White D., Political opposition in Russia: the challenges of mobilisation and the political-civil society nexus, “East European Politics” 2015, vol. 31, no. 3.

Wnuk-Lipiński E., Civil Society and Democratization, [in:] The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, R.J. Dalton, H.D. Klingemann (eds.), Oxford 2007.

World Belarus Congress 2020, https://belarusabroad.org/en/world-belarus-congress-2020/.

Article

New challenges of international energy security: between continuation and change. Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic

Views count: 782
The main research objective of the presented study is to analyse, in accordance with selected theoretical and methodological assumptions, the main challenges of international energy security. This will be possible thanks to a comprehensive analysis in the explanatory and predictive dimension. Analyses of energy security issues take into account long-term development trends as well as unpredictable events related to the functioning of infrastructure and energy technology. Thus, unexpected, sudden phenomena resulting from the dynamics of the international environment gain in importance. The energy security policy has been narrowly defined so far, and thus the issue of thinking in terms of various development opportunities in the raw materials industry is often overlooked. The dilemma related to “non-linear” thinking often ignores a variety of solutions that, taken together, can cause a radical turn in the energy market and its evolution. The methodological framework of the conducted research included research methods appropriate to the science of international relations. The factor method was useful in identifying the determinants of energy security redefinition in the contemporary world. The prognostic analysis turned out to be helpful in the part of the thesis on the prospects for the development of energy security.
J. Misiągiewicz, New challenges of international energy security: between continuation and change. Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 57-77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.4.

Bieliszczuk B., Załamanie cen ropy naftowej – konsekwencje gospodarcze i polityczne, “Biuletyn PISM” 2020, no. 71.

Buzan B., Rethinking Security after the Cold War, “Cooperation and Conflict” 1997, vol. 32, no. 1.

Buzan B., Wæver O., de Wilde J., Security: a new framework for analysis, Boulder 1998.

Ciuta F., Conceptual notes on energy security: Total or banal security?, “Security Dialogue” 2010, vol. 41, no. 2.

Clean Energy Progress Report, OECD/IEA 2011.

Clean Energy Technologies, OECD/IEA 2016.

Colonomos A., Selling the Future. The Perils of Predicting Global Politics, Hurst 2016.

Heinonen S., Karjalaien J., Routsalainen J., Steinmuller K., Surprise as the normal – implications for energy security, “European Journal of Futures Research” 2017, no. 5/12.

Hoffmann T., Magierek D., Polityka energetyczna Unii Europejskiej w wybranych teoriach badawczych, [in:] Między ewolucją a rewolucją – w poszukiwaniu strategii energetycznej, J. Maj, P. Kwiatkiewicz, R. Szczerbowski (eds.), Poznań 2015.

Hughes L., The Politics of Energy and Climate Change, [in:] The Oxford Handbook of Energy Politics, K. J. Hancock, J. E. Allison (eds.), Oxford 2019.

Keohane R., Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World, London 2002.

Kissinger H., Years of upheaval, Boston 1982.

Klare M.T., Energy Security, [in:] Security Studies: An Introduction, P.D. Williams (ed.), London–New York 2008.

Kocon M., Wpływ kultury energetycznej na bezpieczeństwo energetyczne kraju. Rynki energetyczne Litwy, Francji i Niemiec, [in:] Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne wyzwaniem XXI wieku, Z. Lach (ed.), Warsaw 2013.

Mack O., Khare A., Krämer A., Burgartz T., Managing in a VUCA World, New York–London 2015.

Młynarski T., Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne i ochrona klimatu w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku, Cracow 2017.

Myers N., Ultimate Security: The Environmental Basis of Political stability, London–New York 1993.

Neag M.M., Halmaghi E.E., Cucuiet P., Contributions on the determination of the relationship among globalization, sustainable development and energy security, “Scientific Bulletin” 2017, no. 1 (43).

Pietraś M., Bezpieczeństwo ekologiczne w Europie: studium politologiczne, Lublin 2000.

Pietraś M., Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe, [in:] Międzynarodowe stosunki polityczne, M. Pietraś (ed.), Lublin 2006.

Pietraś M., Hybrydowość późnowestfalskiego ładu międzynarodowego, [in:] Późnowestfalski ład międzynarodowy, M. Pietraś, K. Marzęda (eds.), Lublin 2008.

Pietraś M., Międzynarodowy reżim zmian klimatu, Torun 2011.

Pronińska K., Nowe problemy bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego: bezpieczeństwo energetyczne i ekologiczne, [in:] Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe, R. Kuźniar, A. Bieńczyk-Missala, R. Balcerowicz (eds.), Warsaw 2012.

Riedel R., Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne we współczesnej securitologii, [in:] Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Europy Środkowej, P. Mickiewicz, P. Sokołowska (eds.), Toruń 2010.

The impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on global energy demand and CO2 emissions, Global Energy Review 2020, https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook.

Ulman R., Redefining Security, “International Security” 1983, vol. 8, no. 1. World Energy Outlook 2021, https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2021.

Yergin D., Energy security and markets, [in:] Energy and Security: Toward a New Foreign Policy Strategy, D. Goldwyn, J. Kalicki (eds.), Washington 2005.

Yergin D., Ensuring Energy Security, “Foreign Affairs” 2006, vol. 85, no. 2.

 

Article

Poland’s energy transformation in the context of the challenges of the European green deal

Views count: 782
One of the most important socio-economic challenges is the skilful transformation of the economy towards low and zero-emission energy sources. This transformation is ongoing, and Poland, due to its high dependence on coal and high emissions has a challenging task to perform. Hence, the article aims to indicate the activities undertaken by Poland as part of the energy transformation related to the European Green Deal and the impact of energy transformation on the Polish economy. Therefore, the issues discussed include: explaining the principles characterizing the European Green Deal programme, describing the current state of the Polish energy sector, indicating activities that will make Poland a zero-emissions nation, and highlighting the economic implications of this energy transformation at the national level. The analysis shows that the transformation of the domestic energy sector is a long-term, ongoing process. The share of green energy in the national mix is systematically, albeit slowly, growing, and energy sector emissions show a downward trend, although in the current difficult energy situation in Europe, this trend may slow down. Moreover, for systemic and financial reasons it is not possible to quickly replace energy production from coal with other low or zero-emission energy carriers. The study used a critical analysis of the literature and strategic documents on the energy sector, the institutional and legal method, the prognostic method, and inductive inference.
E. Kochanek, Poland's energy transformation in the context of the challenges of the European green deal, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 79-101,
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.5.

Bielecki T., Poland agrees to EU climate acceleration, Deutsche Welle, 11 December 2020, https://www.dw.com/pl/klimat-polska-szczyt-ue-55proc/a-55909122 [25.04.2022].

Bocian K., Lewandowski W., Wróbel P., Zielone koło ratunkowe. Dostęp do czystej energii warunkiem konkurencyjności polskiego przemysłu, Warsaw 2022.

BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2021.

Brauers H., Oei P.-Y., The political economy of coal in Poland: Drivers and barriers for a shift away from fossil fuels, “Energy Policy” 2020, vol. 144.

Budnitza R., Rogner H., Shihab-Eldinc A., Expansion of nuclear power technology to new countries – SMRs, safety culture issues, and the need for an improved international safety regime, “Energy Policy” 2018, vol. 19. European Environment Agency, Climate Change, https://www.eea.europa.eu/pl/themes/climate/about-climate-change.

Derski B., Importujemy coraz więcej prądu i… ratujemy sąsiadów eksportem, Wysokie Napięcie, 21 January 2021, https://wysokienapiecie.pl/35185-importujemy-coraz-wiecej-pradu-ratujemy-sasiadow-eksportem/.

Derski B., Najwyższa w historii produkcja i zużycie energii, Wysokie Napięcie, 15 January 2022, https://wysokienapiecie.pl/44288-najwyzsza-w-historii-produkcja-zuzycie-energii/.

Derski B., Źródła energii w Polsce w 2020: mniej węgla, więcej gazu i OZE, Wysokie Napięcie, 12 February 2021, https://wysokienapiecie.pl/35619-zrodla-energii-w-polsce-w-2020-mniej-wegla-wiecej-gazu-oze/.

Dowiedz się więcej o Funduszach Europejskich, Portal Funduszy Europejskich, 4 June 2021, https://www.funduszeeuropejskie.gov.pl/strony/o-funduszach/fundusze-na-lata-2021-2027/dowiedz-sie-wiecejo-funduszach-europejskich-na-lata-2021-2027/.

Energy transformation: the Polish way to a low-carbon economy, Biznes Alert, 21 November 2019, https://biznesalert.pl/transformacja-energetyczna-energetyka-polska.

European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document Country Report – Poland 2020, Brussels 2020.

Frączyk J., Polska gospodarka ostro ścięła emisję CO2. Osiem krajów za nami, w tym Niemcy i Czechy, Business Insider, 20 June 2022, https://businessinsider.com.pl/gospodarka/emisja-co2-ostro-w-dol-osiem-krajow-za-namiw-tym-niemcy-i-czechy/djj4lcf.

Frankowski J. et al., Employment in hard coal mining in the Upper Silesian Basin, “IBS Research” 2020, no. 1.

Gabryś H., Elektroenergetyka w Polsce 2020, “Energetyka” 2020, no. 8.

Gawlikowska-Fyk A., Borkowski M., How Poland can achieve increased greenhouse gas emission reduction targets by 2030, Energy Forum, 2020.

IEO, Photovoltaic market in Poland 2020, 2020.

Jastrzębska G., Odnawialne źródła energii i pojazdy proekologiczne, Warsaw 2007.

Kasztelanowicz Z., Raport o stanie branży węgla brunatnego w Polsce i w Niemczech wraz z diagnozą działań dla rozwoju tej branży w I połowie XXI wieku, Cracow 2018.

Kochanek E., Evaluation of Energy Transition Scenarios in Poland, “Energies” 2021, vol. 14(19).

Kołodziejski M., Fundusz na rzecz Sprawiedliwej Transformacji, March 2022, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/pl/sheet/214/fundusz-na-rzecz-sprawiedliwej-transformacji-fst-.

Księżopolski K., Maśloch G., Time Delay Approach to Renewable Energy in the Visegrad Group, “Energies” 2021, vol. 14.

Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, OJ 2005, no. 203.

Lachowicz M., Gacki M., Moskwik K., Paliwa i motory wzrostu gospodarczego, Warsaw 2020.

Landis F., Heindl P., Renewable Energy Targets in the Context of the EU ETS: Whom do They Benefit Exactly, “Discussion Paper” 2016, no. 16.

Lu M., The European Union’s Energy dependency, Visual Capitalist, 22 March 2022, https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-the-eus-energy-dependency/.

Miętkiewicz R., FSRU terminal on the Gdańsk coast – próba analizy, “Analiza IPE”, nr 1, 2019.

Ministerstwo Klimatu i Środowiska, Polityka Energetyczna Polski 2040, Warsaw 2021.

PGNiG, Sprawozdanie Zarządu z działalności PGNiG SA oraz GK PGNiG na 2020 rok, 2020.

Polskie Sieci Energetyczne S.A., Plan rozwoju w zakresie zaspokojenia obecnego i przyszłego zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną na lata 2021-2030, Konstancin-Jeziorna 2020.

Rączka J., Transformation of district heating 2030: Small district heating systems, Energy Forum, 2017.

Robaina M., Neves A., Complete decomposition analysis of CO2 emissions intensity in the transport sector in Europe, “Research in Transportation Economics” 2021, vol. 90.

Ruszel M., The significance of the Baltic Sea Region for natural gas supplies to the V4 countries, “Energy Policy” 2020, vol. 146.

Sawicki B., Znaczący wzrost emisji CO2 w Polsce. Winny eksport prądu, energia.rp.pl, 18 May 2022, https://energia.rp.pl/co2/art36322571-znaczacywzrost-emisji-co2-w-polsce-winny-eksport-pradu.

The European Council, the Council of the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Announcement from the Commission to the European Parliament, European Green Deal, Brussels 2019.

The Ministry of Energy, Draft Conclusions from forecast analyses for the fuel and energy sector – appendix 2. to PEP 2040, 2019.

The Ministry of Energy, National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030, 2019.

Tokarski S., Janikowski J., Kyoto Protocol – Poland ahead of Scandinavia in reducing emissions, “ Polska Energia Tauron” 2010, no. 4.

United Nations, Paris Agreement, 2015.

Urząd Regulacji Energetyki, Raport Krajowy Prezesa Urzędu Regulacji Energetyki 2020, 2020.

Zalewska-Wojtuś K., Kałek P., Amendment of the Energy Law, “Energia Elektryczna” 2020, no. 1.

Article

Social perception of 5G technology

Views count: 756
Celem artykułu jest szersze spojrzenie na obecną sytuację związaną z wdrażaniem technologii 5G w Polsce z perspektywy społecznej. Analiza została przeprowadzona w kontekście postaw Polaków wobec nauki i techniki oraz wiedzy o nowoczesnych technologiach. Oprócz analizy literatury przedmiotu w artykule zostaną przedstawione wyniki dwóch równoległych badań z wykorzystaniem trzech metod badawczych: fokusowych, pogłębionych wywiadów eksperckich oraz ankiety przeprowadzonej metodą wywiadów bezpośrednich w domach respondentów. W artykule refleksji zostały poddane m.in. pytania o to, jaki jest stosunek Polaków do rozwoju nauki i techniki, w szczególności do technologii 5G oraz czy rozwój nowoczesnych technologii jest przyczyną społecznego niepokoju Polaków. Z badań nad odbiorem społecznym sieci 5G w Polsce wynika, że Polacy nie znają technologii 5G. Ich niewiedza wynika ze źle prowadzonej edukacji technologicznej, niedostatecznego informowania społeczeństwa przez władze państwowe, braku zaufania społeczeństwa do władz jako niewiarygodnego źródła informacji oraz ze względu na hermetyczny język, którym posługują się specjaliści z telekomunikacji. Duży wpływ ma także dezinformacja mająca na celu opóźnienie wdrożenia tej technologii w Europie, również związana z wojną o 5G między Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Chinami, dodatkowo wpływa na wyjątkowo negatywne postrzeganie technologii 5G w polskim społeczeństwie.
U. Soler, Social perception of 5G technology, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 103-120, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.6.

5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology, A. Osseiran, J.F. Monserrat, P. Marsch (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 2016.

5G: The chance to lead for a decade, Deloitte, 2018, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/us-tmt-5g-deployment-imperative.pdf.

AlRaeesi A.S.A., Habibur R. M., Proactive Approach to the Deployment of 5G Technology: Insights from the UAE, 2nd Europe – Middle East – North African Regional Conference of the International Telecommunications Society (ITS) “Leveraging Technologies For Growth”, Aswan, Egypt, 18-21 February 2019, International Telecommunications Society (ITS), Calgary.

Asif S., 5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies, Taylor and Francis Group, 2019.

Council Recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz), Official Journal of the European Communities, 30 July 1999, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31999H0519&from=EN.

Dahlman E., Parkvall S., Skold J., 5G NR: The next generation wireless access technology, Academic Press, 2020.

David K., Berndt H., 6G Vision and Requirements: Is There Any Need for Beyond 5G?, “IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine” 2018, vol. 13, no. 3.

Destiny T., Conspiracy theories about 5G networks have skyrocketed since COVID-19, The Conversation, 2 June 2020, https://theconversation.com/conspiracy-theories-about-5g-networks-have-skyrocketed-since-covid-19-139374.

Dyfuzja innowacji, Encyklopedia Zarządzania, https://mfiles.pl/pl/index.php/Dyfuzja_innowacji.

Effect of electromagnetic millimeter waves on the health of employees in the in the designed 5G networks and the general population, K. Rydzyński (ed.), Łódź 2020.

Eliassen I., Pena P., Real 5G issues overshadowed by Covid-19 conspiracy theories, Investigate Europe, 12 June 2020, https://www.investigate-europe.eu/en/2020/5g-covid-conspiracy/.

Eltiti S. et al., Aggregated data from two double-blind base station provocation studies comparing individuals with idiopathic environmental intolerance with attribution to electromagnetic fields and controls, “Bioelectromagnetics” 2015, vol. 36, no. 2.

European citizens’ knowledge and attitudes towards science and technology, European Commission, September 2021.

Fettweis G., Alamouti S., 5G: Personal mobile internet beyond what cellular did to telephony, “IEEE Communications Magazine” 2014, no. 52(2).

Group of Chief Scientific Advisors, https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/strategy/support-policy-making/scientific-support-eu-policies/group-chief-scientific-advisors_en.

International Agency for Research on Cancer Publications, https://publications.iarc.fr/126.

International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection, ICNIRP Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHZ), “Health Physics” 1998, no. 74(4), pp.

494-522, https://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/publications/ICNIRPemfgdl.pdf.

International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection, ICNIRP Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 KHZ to 300 GHZ), “Health Physics” 2020, no. 118(5), pp. 483-524; https://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/publications/ICNIRPrfgdl2020.pdf.

Karaboytcheva M., Effects of 5G wireless communication on human health, European Parliamentary Research Service 2021, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/646172/EPRS_BRI(2020)646172_PL.pdf.

Khan R. et al., A Survey on Security and Privacy of 5G Technologies: Potential Solutions, Recent Advancements, and Future Directions, “IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials” 2020, vol. 22, no. 1.

Kim M.J. et al., The changing patterns of China’s international standardization in ICT under techno-nationalism: A reflection through 5G standardization, “International Journal of Information Management” 2020, vol. 54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102145.

Kowalski B., Central and Eastern Europe, China’s Core Interests, and the Limits of Relational Politics: Lessons from the Czech Republic in the 2010s, “East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures” 2020, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 51-74.

La L., 5G myths, debunked: 5G won’t replace 4G, doesn’t cause COVID-19 and is still rolling out, cnet.com, 1 June 2020, https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/5g-myths-debunked-5g-wont-replace-4g-doesnt-cause-covid-19-andis-still-rolling-out-during-the-pandemic/.

Lemstra W., Cave M., Bourreau M., The Towards the successful deployment of 5G in Europe: What are the necessary policy and regulatory conditions?, project report, Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE), 2017, https://cerre.eu/publications/towards-successful-deployment-5g-europe-what-are-necessary-policy-and-regulatory/.

Meese J., Frith J., Wilken R., COVID-19, 5G conspiracies and infrastructural futures, “Media International Australia” 2020, vol. 177(1).

Mythbusters, World Health Organization, 19 January 2022, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters.

Office of Electronic Communications, Public opinion poll on the functioning of the telecommunications services market and consumer preferences Report on the study of individual clients, 29 November 2019, Warsaw–Gdańsk.

Oughton E.J. et al., Towards 5G: Scenario-based assessment of the future supply and demand for mobile telecommunications infrastructure, “Technological Forecasting and Social Change” 2018, vol. 133, pp. 141-155.

Oughton E.J. et al., Assessing the capacity, coverage and cost of 5G infrastructure strategies: Analysis of the Netherlands, “Telematics and Informatics” 2019, vol. 37, pp. 50-69.

Pandey M.K., Gaurav A., Kumar V., Social, technical and economical challenges of 5G technology in Indian prospective: Still 4G auction not over, but time to think about 5G in India, International Conference on Computer and Computational Sciences (ICCCS), Noida 2015.

Rao B., Harrison A.J., Mulloth B., Defense Technological Innovation. Issues and Challenges in an Era of Converging Technologies, New Horizons in Innovation Management series, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Cheltenham 2020.

Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks, J. Rodriguez (ed.), Wiley, 2015.

Saxena S., Enhancing ICT infrastructure in public services, Factors influencing mobile government (m-government) adoption in India, “The Bottom Line” 2017, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 279-296.

Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER), https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/scheer_en.

Seria podpaleń masztów 5G w Holandii. Wieże będą dodatkowo chronione, Polsat News, 5 June 2020, https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2020-06-05/seria-podpalen-masztow-5g-w-holandii-wieze-beda-dodatkowo-chronione/.

Segal A., Year in Review 2019: The U.S.–China Tech Cold War Deepens and Expands, Council on Foreign Relations, 18 December 2019, https://www.cfr.org/blog/year-review-2019-us-china-tech-cold-war-deepens-and-expands.

Shaping Europe’s digital future, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/european-electronic-communications-code-updating-eu-telecom-rules.

Sobiczewska E., Szmigielski S., Electromagnetic fields hypersensitivity, “Occupational Medicine” 2009, no. 60(3).

Soler U., Busiło M., Education of society as a tool to counteract disinformation in implementing new technologies. On the example of 5G mobile telecommunications network and Warsaw sewage system, Proceedings of the International Conference “Applications of Electromagnetics in Modern Engineering and Medicine” June 2019, Janów Podlaski.

Soler U., Busiło M., Taming with technology. On the example of UK electrification and 5G technology, “Przegląd Elektrotechniczny” 2019, vol. 95, no. 12.

Soler U., UE Regulations on 5G cybersecurity, Proceedings of the 38th International Business Information Management Association Conference (IBIMA), 23-24 November 2021, Seville, Spain. Vision: Innovation Management and Sustainable Economic Development in the Era of Global Pandemic, International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA).

Soler U., Political and Economic Contexts of Implementing 5G in Poland and in Selected European Countries, “Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology” 2021, no. 2. Spectrum for 4G and 5G, Qualcomm, 2020, https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/spectrum-for-4g-and-5g.pdf.

Tatoń G. et al., The influence of electromagnetic fields on the human health – survey studies, “Przegląd Elektrotechniczny” 2019, vol. 95, no. 12.

Prime minister’s office chief Michał Dworczyk steps down, TVN24, https://tvn24.pl/tvn24-news-in-english/polands-pm-office-chief-michaldworczyk-steps-down-6140311 [30.09.2022].

Verrender A. et al., IEI-EMF provocation case studies: A novel approach to testing sensitive individuals, “Bioelectromagnetics” 2018, vol. 39, no. 2.

Weerakkody V., Dhilon G., Moving from E-Government to T-Government: a study of process reengineering challenges in a UK local authority context, “International Journal of Electronic Government Research” 2008, vol. 4, no. 4.

WVS, World Values Survey, http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp.

Article

Combating cyber threats as an element of the Visegrad Group’s cybersecurity policy

Views count: 790

The Visegrad Group countries are taking actions that confirm their ambitions in the framework of cyber security policy. The tasks formulated both in strategic documents and in international forums are evidence of the active role of Central European governments in the area of cyber security. Many countries are facing a rising tide of cyberattacks, which are likely to intensify over time. Any such incident has the potential to inflict significant damage, undermining trust in government and causing unpredictable political consequences. For this reason, there is an apparent desire on the part of the V4 countries to build common cyber resilience based on close cooperation with the EU and NATO. Another way of describing the actions taken in the article is budget spending on cyber security, which is an important measure for assessing the development of the cyber capabilities of individual countries. The article is an attempt to summarize the actions taken by the V4 countries in the period 2013-2021 within the framework of cyber security policy, which for the most part remains in the sphere of mere political declarations. The research analysis undertaken can serve as a starting point for further consideration of V4 cooperation especially in the context of the military aggression of the Russian Federation after 24 February 2022. This event mandates consideration of the future of cooperation between Central European countries – in the broadest sense – on security policy.
M. Górka, Combating cyber threats as an element of the Visegrad Group's cybersecurity policy, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 121-142, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.7.

Antczak J., Nakłady na cyberbezpieczeństwo państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej, Warsaw Institute, 24 September 2018, https://warsawinstitute.org/pl/naklady-na-cyberbezpieczenstwo-panstw-grupy-wyszehradzkiej.

Axelrod R., Iliev R., Timing of cyber conflict, “PNAS” 2014, vol. 111, no. 4.

Bedea C.M., Kwadwo V.O., Opportunistic sub-regionalism: the dialectics of EU-Central-Eastern European relations, “Journal of European Integration” 2021, vol. 43, no. 4.

Cavelty M.D., Wenger A., Cyber security meets security politics: Complex technology, fragmented politics, and networked science, “Contemporary Security Policy” 2020, vol. 41, no. 1.

Cyber Threat Report CEE 2018, Instytut Kościuszki, 14 June 2018, https://ik.org.pl/publikacje/cyber-threat-report-cee-2018.

Czech Republic 2018-2022 (2018): Cyber Defence Strategy of the Czech Republic 2018-2022, https://ccdcoe.org/library/strategy-and-governance.

Egloff F., Cybersecurity and the Age of Privateering, [in:] Understanding Cyber Conflict. 14 Analogies, G. Perkovich, A. Levite (eds.), Georgetown 2017.

Gawron-Tabor K., New Quality of Defence Cooperation within the Visegrad Group in 2010-2014, “Obrana a Strategie” 2015, vol. 1.

Goldman E., Warner M., Why a Digital Pearl Harbor Makes Sense… and Is Possible, [in:] Understanding Cyber Conflict. 14 Analogies, G. Perkovich, A. Levite (eds.), Georgetown 2017.

Hersh S.M., The Online Threat, Should we be worried about a cyber war?, New Yorker, 1 November 2010, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/11/01/the-online-threat.

Lin H., Escalation dynamics and conflict termination in cyberspace, “Strategic studies quarterly” 2012, vol. 6, no. 3.

Lisiak-Felicka D., Information Security Incidents: A comparison between the Czech Republic and Poland, 20th International Scientific Conference, “Economic and Social Development” 2017, vol. 20.

Lonsdale D.J., The Ethics of Cyber Attack: Pursuing Legitimate Security and the Common Good in Contemporary Conflict Scenarios, “Journal of Military Ethics” 2020, vol. 19, no. 1.

Mačák K., Decoding Article 8 of the International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility: Attribution of cyber operations by non-state actors, “Journal of Conflict and Security Law” 2016, vol. 21, no. 3.

Simons G., Danyk Y., Maliarchuk T., Hybrid war and cyber-attacks: creating legal and operational dilemmas, “Global Change, Peace & Security” 2020, vol. 32, no. 3.

Stańczyk K., Zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem zewnętrznym państwa przy wykorzystaniu instrumentów planowania budżetowego, [in:] Współczesne zagrożenia w zarządzaniu i bezpieczeństwie, Z. Grzywna (ed.), Katowice 2014.

Valeriano B., Maness R.C., The Dynamics of Cyber Conflict between Rival Antagonists, 2001-2011, “Journal of Peace Research” 2014, vol. 51, no. 3.

Warner J., Chapin E., Matfess H., Suicide Squads: The Logic of Linked Suicide Bombings, “Security Studies” 2019, vol. 28, no. 1.

Wirtz B.W., Weyerer J.C., Cyberterrorism and Cyber Attacks in the Public Sector: How Public Administration Copes with Digital Threats, “International Journal of Public Administration” 2017, vol. 40, no. 13.

Article

Cross-border cooperation in selected Carpathian countries

Views count: 789
Cross-border cooperation helps to mitigate the negative effects of the border and overcome the consequences of the location of border areas. The article aims to identify the ways of using the cultural and natural potential in EU Cross-border Cooperation Programmes implemented in the Polish, Slovak, and Ukrainian areas of the Carpathians. The analysis covers the existing data using the method of examining strategic documents of the Programmes: Poland-Slovakia, Poland-Belarus-Ukraine, Hungary-Slovakia-Ukraine, and Hungary- Slovakia-Romania-Ukraine, implemented in three programming periods (2004-2020). A quantitative analysis of the projects concerning the use of cultural and natural heritage, which was implemented under the presented Programmes, was also carried out. The research was used to answer the following questions: (1) what kinds of projects with the use of cultural and natural heritage are carried out, (2) are there differences in the ways of using cultural and natural heritage, (3) are there differences between the Programmes implemented in internal and external border regions of the EU. The study made it possible to establish that in the case of all the Programmes, cultural and natural values are considered a strength of the regions and are associated with significant expectations in terms of their use in the development of these areas. At the same time, it is noticed that they are used insufficiently. Activities related to the use of cultural and natural heritage were supported in all the Programmes; however, it was the method of financing that largely determined the taking of action. Traditional (typical) ways of using natural and cultural resources are still dominant.
A. Pieniążek, Cross-border cooperation in selected Carpathian countries, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 143-159, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.8.

Adamiec J., Polityka regionalna Unii Europejskiej, “Studia BAS” 2017, no. 1(49).

Buczek-Kowalik M., Mitura T., Cross-border cooperation on the Polish-Slovak Borderland – examples of joint tourism initiatives, “Folia Geographica” 2018, no. 60(2).

Celioska-Janowicz D. et al., Zmiany sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej obszaru wsparcia Programu Sąsiedztwa Polska-Białoruś-Ukraina Interreg IIIA/TACIS CBC 2004-2006 w latach 2004-2008/2009. Raport na zamówienie Ministerstwa Rozwoju Regionalnego, Warsaw 2010, https://www.euroreg.uw.edu.pl/dane/web_euroreg_publications_files/2447/celiska-janowicz2010-zmiany_sytuacji_spoeczno-gospodarczej_obszaru_wsparcia_programu_ssiedztwa_polska-biaoru-ukraina_int.pdf.

Churski P., Podejście zorientowane terytorialnie (place-based policy) – teoria i praktyka polityki regionalnej, “Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna” 2018, no. 41.

Council of Europe, European Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation between Territorial Communities or Authorities, Madrid 1980.

Document programming for UE support to ENI Cross-Border Cooperation (2014-2020).

Dołzbłasz S., Raczyk A., Projekty współpracy transgranicznej na zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych granicach Unii Europejskiej – przykład Polski, “Studia Regionalne i Lokalne” 2011, vol. 45, no. 3.

Dołzbłasz S., Raczyk A., Współpraca transgraniczna w Polsce po akcesji do UE, Warsaw 2010.

Europe 2020: the European Union strategy for growth and employment.

European Commission, Commission suspends cross-border cooperation and transnational cooperation with Russia and Belarus, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_1526.

European Commission, European Neighbourhood Policy. What is it?, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/european-neighbourhood-policy_en.

European Commission, INTERREG III Neighbourhood Programme Hungary-Slovak Republic-Ukraine, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/atlas/programmes/2000-2006/european/interreg-iii-neighbourhood-programme-hungary-slovak-republic-ukraine.

European Commission, The EU’s main investment policy, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/policy/what/investment-policy_en.

European Committee of the Regions, Cross-border cooperation: after the biggest setbacks in decades, the time for recovery and improvement has come, https://cor.europa.eu/pl/news/Pages/cross-border-cooperation.aspx.

Giełda M., Współpraca transgraniczna prowadzona w Unii Europejskiej na podstawie programów operacyjnych realizowanych w ramach Europejskiej Współpracy Terytorialnej, [in:] Współpraca transgraniczna w administracji publicznej, R. Kusiak-Winter (ed.), Wrocław 2015, https://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/Content/71621/PDF/Wspolpraca_transgraniczna_w_administracji_publicznej.pdf.

Gross M., Debus M., Does M., EU regional policy increase parties’ support for European integration?, “West European Politics” 2018, no. 41(3).

Guzal-Dec D., Europejska Polityka Sąsiedztwa – ewolucja i współczesne wyzwania wobec rozwoju euroregionów na zewnętrznych granicach UE (w Polsce), “Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego” 2016, vol. 3, no. 16(31).

Herodowicz T., Znaczenie polityki regionalnej Unii Europejskiej w kształtowaniu środowiskowego wymiaru rozwoju zrównoważonego w Polsce, Poznań 2020.

Hungary-Slovakia-Romania-Ukraine Cross-border Cooperation Programme 2014-2020.

Hungary-Slovakia-Romania-Ukraine Cross-border Cooperation Programme 2007-2013. Joint Operational Programme.

Interreg III A Polska-Republika Słowacka 2004-2006. Uzupełnienie Programu.

Interreg III A Polska-Republika Słowacka Program Inicjatywy Wspólnotowej na lata 2004-2006.

Makowiecka M., Reichel M., Ocena współpracy terytorialnej Polski i Słowacji w kontekście realizowanych programów operacyjnych współpracy transgranicznej, “Studia Ekonomiczne. Gospodarka. Społeczeństwo. Środowisko” 2019, no. 1(3).

Murzyn D., Innowacyjność w programach współpracy transgranicznej realizowanych przy udziale polityki spójności UE w Polsce, [in:] Wyzwania polityki regionalnej w aspekcie rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego obszarów transgranicznych, K. Świerczewska-Pietras, M. Pyra (eds.), Biała Podlaska 2015.

Pietraś M., Podziały przestrzeni Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, “Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 2019, vol. 17, no. 1.

Europejska Polityka Sąsiedztwa Unii Europejskiej, M. Pietraś, K. Stachurska-Szczesiak, J. Misiągiewicz (eds.), Lublin 2012.

Program Operacyjny Współpracy Transgranicznej Rzeczpospolita Polska-Republika Słowacka 2007-2013.

Program Sąsiedztwa Polska-Białoruś-Ukraina Interreg III A/Tacis CBC 2004-2006.

Program Sąsiedztwa Polska-Białoruś-Ukraina Interreg III A/Tacis CBC 2004-2006. Uzupełnienie Programu.

Program Współpracy Transgranicznej EIS Polska-Białoruś-Ukraina 2014-2020.

Program Współpracy Transgranicznej Interreg V-A Polska-Słowacja 2014-2020.

Program Współpracy Transgranicznej Polska-Białoruś-Ukraina 2007-2013.

Raszkowski A., Program TACIS w państwach postsowieckich, “Ekonomia” 2011, no. 16.

Rauhut D., Humer A., EU Cohesion Policy and spatial economic growth: Trajectories in economic thought, “European Planning Studies” 2022, no. 28(11).

Regulation (EU) No 232/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2014 establishing a European Neighbourhood Instrument, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX-:32014R0232&from=PL.

Szlachta J., Zaleski J., Wyzwania polskiej polityki regionalnej w kontekście polityki spójności UE po roku 2020, “Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu” 2017, no. 498.

Świstak M., Polityka regionalna Unii Europejskiej jako polityka publiczna: wobec potrzeby optymalizacji działania publicznego, Cracow 2019.

Urząd Statystyczny we Wrocławiu, Euroregiony na granicach Polski 2007, Wroclaw 2007, https://wroclaw.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/wroc/ASSETS_14-19.pdf.

Żuk A., Europejskie programy współpracy transgranicznej Polski z państwami członkowskimi Unii Europejskiej w latach 2004–2013. Analiza finansowania i kierunków wydatkowania, [in:] Polska – 10 lat członkostwa Polski w UE, E. Małuszyńska, G. Mazur, I. Musiłakowska (eds.), Poznań 2015.

Article

Conflict as a differentiating factor in the creation of social capital among youth in Serbia and Poland

Views count: 846
This paper analyses how conflict impacts social capital. The existing literature suggests that the social capital of a society which has experienced conflict or military operations will not be shaped in the same way as the social capital in an area where there were no such actions. Yet, there is disagreement on what the specific effects of a conflict are. This paper seeks to address this puzzle by comparing levels of social capital in Serbia and Poland. The research presented in this paper was conducted among two groups; the first, a group of respondents including young Serbs (18-24 years old) who, during the 1990s, survived hostilities on the territory of their country or grew up surrounded by people who were participating in military actions. The second group includes young Poles (aged 18-24), who as children, grew up in a society, which from 1995-2002 did not experience either conflict or military action. Significant research results include the following: in a society in which no conflict has occurred in the past, there is a higher level of social and political participation; the formation of bridging communities, trust in social actors from outside the immediate family, trust in institutions, and a greater sense of security in the neighbourhood.
Z. Sielska, J. Lončar, Conflict as a differentiating factor in the creation of social capital among youth in Serbia and Poland, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 161-182, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.9.

Avioutskii V., Aksamitne rewolucje, Warsaw 2007.

Bar-Tal D., Introduction: Conflicts and social psychology, [in:] Intergroup conflicts and their resolution: Social psychological perspective, D. Bar-Tal (ed.), Psychology Press, 2011, pp. 217-240.

Birešev A., Protest protiv diktature i konstrukcija kolektivnog identiteta, “Sociologija” 2017, no. 59(4), pp. 389-404.

Blattman C., From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda, “American Political Science Review” 2009, no. 103(2), pp. 231-247.

Bourdieu P., Le capital social, “Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales” 1980, no. 31, pp. 2-3.

Bourdieu P., Passeron J.P., Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, “The School Review” 1990, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 144-147.

Calvo T. et al., Fear Not for Man? Armed conflict and social capital in Mali, “Journal of Comparative Economics” 2020, no. 48(2), pp. 251-276.

Coleman J. S., Foundation of Social Theory, Cambridge 1990.

Collier P., Hoeffler A., On the incidence of civil war in Africa, “Journal of Conflict Resolution” 2002, no. 46(1), pp. 13-28.

Community Building, “Journal of Planning Education and Research” 1998, no. 18(1), pp. 1-13.

Čolović I., Śmierć na Kosowym Polu, historia mitu kosowskiego, Sejny 2019.

Dasgupta P., Trust as a commodity, [in:] Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, D. Gambetta (ed.), Oxford 1988.

Fukuyama F., Trust: The Social Virtues and The Creation of Prosperity, London 1996.

Garfield R., Economic Sanctions, Health, and Welfare in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1990-2000, OCHA, UNICEF, Belgrade 2001.

Gates S. et al,, Development Consequences of Armed conflict, “World Development” 2012, no. 40(9), pp. 1713-1722.

Gordy E.D., The Culture of Power in Serbia: Nationalism and the Destruction of Alternatives, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.

Human Rights Watch Report, https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2000/nato/Natbm200-01.htm#P164_36978.

IBRIS, Sondaż IBRIS dla Onetu: którym instytucjom Polacy ufają najbardziej?, Onet Wiadomości, 2020, https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/tylko-w-onecie/sondaz-ktorym-instytucjom-ufaja-polacy-pytamy-o-policje-kosciol-uetk-rzad-i-sady/swnt7mn.

Jastrzębski P., Stemenković V., Humanitarna wojna, Warsaw 2001.

Knight M., Loayza N., Villanueva D., The peace dividend: Military spending cuts and economic growth, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1577, 1996, http://ssrn.com/abstract=615030.

Krešić M. et al., Psychological and Behavioural Problems in Children of War Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, “The European Journal of Psychiatry” 2016, no. 30(3), pp. 219-230.

Lin N., Cook K.S., Burt R.S., Social Capital: Theory and Research, New York 2001.

Luković M.D., The Kosovo crisis through the eyes of Serbs. Immediate causes, historical roots, course and consequences, Belgrade 2000.

Maslow A., Motivation and Personality, New York 1954.

McFaul M., Transitions from Post-Communism, “Journal of Democracy” 2005, no. 16(3), pp. 5-19.

Miguel E., Shanker S., Sergenti E., Economic shocks and civil conflict: an instrumental variables approach, “Journal of Political Economy” 2004, no. 112(4), pp. 725-753.

Opinie o bezpieczeństwie narodowym, CBOS, 2014, https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2014/K_018_14.PDF.

Pluciński P., Debt and crisis: Socio-economic critique of neoliberal transformation in Poland, “The Economic and Labour Relations Review” 2020, no. 31(2), pp. 211-229.

Pudar Draško G., Fiket I., Vasiljević J., Big dreams and small steps: comparative perspectives on the social movement struggle for democracy in Serbia and North Macedonia, “Southeast European and Black Sea Studies” 2020, no. 20(1), pp. 199-219.

Putnam R.D., Bowling Alone, The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York 2000.

Regular report from the Commission on Poland’s towards accession, http://oide.sejm.gov.pl/oide/images/files/dokumenty/regular_report_1999.pdf.

Samopoczucie Polaków w 2001 roku, CBOS, 2001, https://www.cbos.pl/SPISKOM.POL/2002/K_008_02.PDF.

Souz Briggs X., Doing Democracy Up Close: Culture, Power, and Communication in Schwartz S. H., An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values, “Online Readings in Psychology and Culture” 2012, no. 2(1), DOI:10.9707/2307-0919.1116.

Stojiljković Z., Potencijali za promene: Ogledi o sindikatima, civilnom društvu i strategijama promena, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet političkih nauka, Beograd 2019.

Stryjek T., Współczesna Serbia i Chorwacja wobec własnej historii, Warsaw 2020.

Sztompka P., Zaufanie, fundament społeczeństwa, Cracow 2007.

Sztompka P., Kapitał społeczny, teoria przestrzeni międzynarodowej, Cracow 2016.

Turska-Kawa A., Wojtasik W., Directiveness” as a Predictor of Religious Attitudes, “Polish Sociological Review” 2017, no. 2, pp. 189-201.

Turska-Kawa A., Religious Determinants of Socio-Political Openness of Young Silesians in Poland, “Polish Political Science Yearbook” 2020, no. 49(1), pp. 85-100.

Urzędowska D., Suchomska J., Feministki w sieci. Nowe media w działaniach przeciwko ograniczeniu praw kobiet w Polsce, “Dyskurs & Dialog” 2020, no. 2, pp. 9-23.

Visvizi A., Matysek-Jędrych A., Mroczek-Dąbrowska A., Introduction – Poland and the 30 years of transition (1989-2019), [in:] Poland in the Single Market: Politics, economics, the euro, A. Visvizi, A. Matysek-Jędrych, A. Mroczek-Dąbrowska (eds.), Milton Park, 2020.

Vladisavljević N., Competitive authoritarianism and popular protest: Evidence from Serbia under Milošević, “International Political Science Review” 2016, no. 37(1), pp. 36-50.

World Health Organization, World health report 2001. Mental health: new understanding, new hope, 2001, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42390/ WHR_2001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Article

Between socialist homeland and totalitarian dictatorship. The image of the post-World War II period in Ukrainian historical discourse

Views count: 834
This paper is devoted to the analysis of selected aspects how Ukrainian schools present the historical narrative that covers the post-World War II history of this country – particularly the period of late socialism. My goal was to establish how post-Maidan textbooks presented the times when Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union in its superpower phase. I was especially interested in the current assessment of such phenomena as: post-Stalinist modernization, the movements opposing communist ideology, and the late socialist concept of the Soviet people. The source material was five new textbooks for historical education at high-school level approved for use by the Ukrainian authorities in 2019. The basic research method was discourse analysis: the content of the textbooks were critically evaluated in light of the ongoing political and social situation. Among the theoretical assumptions that were applied in the paper was that the historical narrative has a key importance as a function of the nation-state and as such serves its interests. To conclude the analysis below, it should be emphasized that historical narrative of Ukrainian Schools presents the past of the country in the second half of the 20th century as a general process of gaining independence from the Soviet centre. In the context of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, it should be assumed that the emancipatory nature of the interpretation of Ukraine’s national history is now irreversible.
M. Studenna-Skrukwa, Between socialist homeland and totalitarian dictatorship. The image of the post-World War II period in Ukrainian historical discourse, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), z. 1, s. 183-201, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2022.1.10.

Chlibowśka H. et al., Istorija Ukrajiny. Riweń standartu: pidrucznyk dla 11 kłasu zakładiw zahalnoji seredńioji oswity, Ternopil 2019.

Danyłenko W., Smolnićka M., Istorija Ukrajiny: riweń standartu: pidrucz. dla 11-ho kł. zakł. zah. sered. oswity, Kyiv 2019.

Mudryj M., Arkusza O., Istorija: Ukrajina i swit: (intehr. kurs, riweń standartu): pidrucz. dla 11 ho kł. zakł. zah. sered. oswity, Kyiv 2019.

Soroczynśka N., Hisem O., Istorija Ukrajiny [riweń standartu]: pidrucznyk dla 11 kł. zakł. zahaln. sered. Oswity, Ternopil 2019.

Własow W., Kulczyćkyj S., Istorija Ukrajiny (profilnyjriweń): pidrucznyk dla 11 kłasu zakładiw zahalnoji seredńioji oswity, Kyiv 2019.

Bakare L., The force awakens (in Ukraine): Darth Vader statue replaces Lenin monument, “The Guardian”, 23 October 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/23/darth-vader-statue-erected-ukraine.

Baran W., Danylenko W., Ukrajina w umowach systemnoji kryzy (1946-1980-i rr.), Kyiv 1999.

Bellezza S.A., Wings to Lift the Truth Up High: The Role of Language for the Shistdesiatnyky, [in:] The Battle for Ukrainian. A Comparative Perspective, M.S. Flier, A. Graziosi (eds.), Cambridge (Mass.) 2017.

Berdychowska B., Szestydiesiatnycy – bunt pokolenia, [in:] Bunt pokolenia. Rozmowy z intelektualistami ukraińskimi, B. Berdychowska, O. Hnatiuk (eds.), Lublin 2000.

Burszta W., Silencing the Past, Retrotopia, and Teaching History, “Sprawy Narodowościowe. Seria nowa” 2018, vol. 50.

Cherviatsova A., On the Frontline of European Memory Wars: Memory Laws and Policy in Ukraine, “European Papers”, vol. 5, no. 1.

Hrycenko O., Kultury pamięci Ukrainy i Polski w związkach wzajemnych i porównaniach, [in:] Kultury historyczne Polski i Ukrainy. O źródłach nieporozumienia między sąsiadami, T. Stryjek, V. Sklokin (eds.), Warsaw 2021.

Jankowśka O., Socialna polityka derżawy oczyma robitnykiw i selan, [in:] Powojenna Ukrajina: narysy socialnoji istoriji (druha połowyna 1940-ch – seredyna 1950-ch rr), W. Danylenko, N. Łaas (eds.), book 2, Kyiv 2010.

Jędraszczyk K., Trzydzieści lat dekomunizacji na Ukrainie, “Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 2021, vol. 19, no. 2.

Kasianov G., The “Nationalization” of History in Ukraine, [in:] Convolutions of Historical Politics, A. Miller, M. Lipman (eds.), Budapest 2012.

Konieczna-Sałamatin J., Stryjek T., Otrishchenko N., Wydarzenia. Ludzie.

Historia. Raport z badań sondażowych o pamięci współczesnych Polaków i Ukraińców, Warsaw 2018.

Lachowski T., Od rozrachunków z przeszłością do konfliktu zbrojnego na Donbasie.

Sprawiedliwość okresu przejściowego na Ukrainie po Rewolucji Godności, [in:] Ukraina po Rewolucji Godności. Prawa człowieka – tożsamość narodowa, T. Lachowski, V. Mazurenko (eds.), Łódź–Olsztyn 2017.

Mahda Y., Yevhen Mahda – Facebook profile, Facebook.com, 17 May 2020, https://www.facebook.com/yevhen.mahda [17.05.2020].

Minakov M., Development and Dystopia. Studies in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Eastern Europe, Stuttgart 2018.

Moskwa D., Opponents in battle, allies in suffering: a dualistic picture of Poland and Poles in Ukrainian history textbooks, [in:] The Politics of Memory in Poland and Ukraine. From Reconciliation to De-conciliation, T. Stryjek, J. Konieczna-Sałamatin (eds.), London 2021.

Olszański T. A., Wielka dekomunizacja. Ukraińska polityka historyczna czasu wojny, Warsaw 2017.

Rasiak R.O., “The Soviet People”: Multiethnic Alternative or Ruse?, [in:] Ethnic Russia in the USSR. The Dilemma of Dominance, E. Allworth (ed.), New York 1980.

Studenna-Skrukwa M., What history? What homeland? The nationalization of history in the school education before the breakthroughs in 2014-2015 and after, [in:] The Politics of Memory in Poland and Ukraine. From Reconciliation to De-conciliation, T. Stryjek, J. Konieczna-Sałamatin (eds.), London 2021.

Świder K., Ewolucja elity władzy w Związku Radzieckim i Rosji, Warsaw 2013.

Tchermalykh N., “We Felt That the Country Was in the Stage of a Rough Cut…”: Vernacular Documentation, Political Affects and the Ideological Functions of Catharsis in Ukraine, “Visual Anthropology” 2022, vol. 35, no. 2.

Wojnowski Z., The Soviet people: national and supranational identities in the USSR after 1945, “Nationalities Papers” 2015, vol. 43, no. 1.