Cooperation Formats in Central and Eastern Europe: Determinants, Current State of Affairs, and Perspectives

Issue editor: Beata Surmacz, Tomasz Stępniewski

ISSN: 1732-1395

e-ISSN: 2719-2911

Publisher: Instytut Europy Środkowej

Edition: Lublin 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2

Articles

Article

International health security

Views count: 136
The paper proposes the classification of health security as one of the non-military security dimensions of the second generation, determined more by globalization processes than by the end of the Cold War (first generation). The cognitive goal of the article is to identify and analyse the elements of the structure of international health security such as 1) the essence and specificity of securitization of threats to health security; 2) health security threats; 3) the referent object or whom it concerns; and 4) measures to ensure it. Specific to this dimension is the political motivation for its securitization. In the world of interrelated and global mobilities, what is significant for health security is the diversity of the development level, preferred values, and, consequently, the diversity of sensitivity and susceptibility of national healthcare systems to cross-border threats.
M. Pietraś, International health security, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 7-34, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.1

1. A more secure world: Our shared responsibility, Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, New York 2004.

2. A safer future: Global public health security in the 21st century, Geneva 2007.

3. Acute public health events assessed by WHO Regional Offices for Africa, the Americas, and Europe under the International Health Regulations (2005), 2020 Report, WHO, Geneva, February 2022.

4. Aldis W., Health security as a public concept: A critical analysis, “Health Policy and Planning” 2008, vol. 23.

5. Annan K., Problems without passports, “Foreign Policy”, 9 November 2009.

6. ASEAN Post-2015 Health Development Agenda 2016-2020, Jakarta 2018.

7. Austin J.L., How to do things with words, Cambridge 1962.

8. Bade S., Jalea D., Twenty-five years of securitization theory. A corpus-based review, “Political Studies Review” 2022, vol. 14, no. 1.

9. Binczycka-Anholcer M., Imiołek A., Bioterroryzm jako jedna z form współczesnego terroryzmu, “Hygeia Public Health” 2011, vol. 46, no. 3.

10. Bond K., Health security or health diplomacy? Moving beyond semantic analysis to strengthen health systems and global cooperation, “Health Policy and Planning” 2008, vol. 23.

11. Booth K., Security and emancipation, “Review of International Studies” 1991, vol. 17, no. 4.

12. Bouskill A., Smith E., Global health and security. Threats and opportunities, Santa Monica CA 2019.

13. Bright Ch., Invasive species: pathogens of globalisation, “Foreign Policy” 1999, vol. 116.

14. Brown L., Redefining national security, Worldwatch Paper 14, Washington DC 1977.

15. Budowanie Europejskiej Unii Zdrowotnej: Zwiększenie odporności UE na transgraniczne zagrożenia zdrowia, COM(2020) 724.

16. Buzan B., Waever O., Macrosecuritization and security constellations: Reconsidering scale in securitization theory, “Review of International Studies” 2009, vol. 35, no. 2.

17. Buzan B., Waever O., Regions and powers. The structure of international security, Cambridge 2003.

18. Buzan B., Waever O., Wilde de J., Security. New framework for analysis, Boulder 1998.

19. Caballero-Anthony M., Health and human security challenges in Asia: New agendas for strengthening regional health governance, “Australian Journal of International Relations” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

20. Charbonneau B., The COVID-19 test of the United Nations Security Council, “International Journal” 2021, vol. 76, no. 1.

21. Critical theory, security, and emancipation, [in:] R.A. Denemark, R. Marlin-Bennett (eds.), The international studies encyclopaedia, vol. 2, Malden 2010.

22. DeLaet D., Whose interests is the securitization of health serving?, [in:] S. Rushton, J. Youde (eds.), The Routledge handbook of global health security, New York 2015.

23. Dillon M., Lobo-Guererro L., Biopolitics of security in the 21st century, “Review of International Studies” 2008, vol. 34.

24. Duarte D.E., Valenca M., Securitizing Covid-19? The politics of global health and the limits of the Copenhagen School, “Contexto International” 2021, vol. 43, no. 2.

25. Elbe S., Roemer-Mahler A., Long Ch., Medical countermeasures for national security: A new government role in the pharmaceuticalization of society, “Social Science and Medicine” 2015, vol. 131.

26. Elbe S., Should HIV/AIDS be securitized? The ethical dilemmas of linking HIV/AIDS and security, “International Studies Quarterly” 2006, vol. 50, no. 1.

27. Eleventh General Programme of Work, 2006-2015, WHO, A 59/25, 24 April 2006.

28. Emmers R., Securitization, [in:] A. Collins (ed.), Contemporary security studies, Oxford 2008.

29. Farrell A.M., Managing the dead in disaster response: A matter for health security in the Asia-Pacific region?, “Australian Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

30. Fidler D., Health as foreign policy: Between principle and power, “Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations” 2005, vol. 6, no. 2.

31. Fidler D., The challenges of global health governance, New York 2010.

32. Foucault M., The history of sexuality, vol. 1: The will to knowledge, London 1998.

33. Gliński A., Żmuda Z., Epidemie i pandemie chorób zakaźnych, “Życie Weterynaryjne” 2020, vol. 95, no. 9.

34. Gostin L., Ayala A., Global health security in an era of explosive pandemic potential, “Journal of National Security Law and Policy” 2017, vol. 9, no. 1.

35. Harman S., Global health governance, London 2012.

36. Human Development Report 1994, New York 1994.

37. Ifediora O.F., Aning K., West Africa’s ebola pandemic: Toward effective multilateral responses to health crises, “Global Governance” 2017, vol. 23.

38. International Health Regulations (1969), Third annotated edition, Geneva 1983.

39. International Health Regulations (2005), Second edition, Geneva 2008.

40. Jenkins Ch. et al., Global public health: A review and discussion of the concepts principles and roles of global public health in today’s society, “Global Policy” 2016, vol. 7, no. 3.

41. Kamradt-Scott A., Securing Indo-Pacific health security: Australia’s approach to regional health security, “Australian Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

42. Kaufman F.X., Sicherheit als soziologisches und socialpolitisches Problem, Stuttgart 1970.

43. Kickbusch I., Silberschmidt G., Buss P., Global health diplomacy: The need for new perspectives, strategic approaches and skills in global health, “Bulletin of the World Health Organization” 2007, vol. 85, no. 3.

44. Kięczkowska J., Bioterroryzm jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego, “TEKA of Political Science and International Relations” 2019, vol. 14, no. 1.

45. Koncepcja strategiczna NATO z 2010.

46. Konstytucja Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, Dz.U. 1948, no. 61, item 477.

47. Marzęda-Młynarska K., Globalne zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem żywnościowym na przełomie XX i XXI wieku, Lublin 2014.

48. Mathews-Tuchman J., Redefining security, “Foreign Affairs” 1989, vol. 68, no. 2.

49. Nkang O., Bassey O., Securitization of global health pandemic and reiterating the relevance of 2005 International Health Regulations: Covid-19 and human security in Africa, “African Journal of Empirical Research” 2022, vol. 3, no. 1.

50. Paris R., Human security. Paradigm shift or hot air?, “International Security” 2001, vol. 26, no. 2.

51. Peterson S., Epidemic disease and national security, “Security Studies” 2002, vol. 12, no. 2.

52. Pietraś M., Kategoria “bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne” w studiach bezpieczeństwa, [in:] H. Chałupczak et al. (eds.), Zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa w procesach globalizacji. Zagrożenia zdrowotne, Lublin–Zamość 2022.

53. Pietraś M., Pozimnowojenny paradygmat bezpieczeństwa in statu nascendi, “Sprawy Międzynarodowe”1997, no. 2.

54. Pobjie E., Covid-19 and the scope of the UN Security Council’s mandate to address non-traditional threats to international peace and security, MPIL Research Paper Series No. 2020-41, Heidelberg 2020.

55. Price-Smith A., The health of nations: Infectious disease, environmental change, and their effects on national security and development, Cambridge 2001.

56. Recent trends in official development assistance for health, OECD, Paris 2013.

57. Resolution 1308 (2000) adopted by the Security Council at its 4172nd meeting, on 17 July 2000, S /RES/1308 (2000).

58. Resolution 2177 (2014) adopted by the Security Council at its 7268th meeting, on 18 September 2014, S/RES/2177 (2014).

59. Resolution 2532 (2020) adopted by the Security Council on 1 July 2020, S/RES/2532 (2020).

60. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 10 September 2012, A/RES/66/290.

61. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 April 2020, A/RES/74/270.

62. Rockenschaub G., Pukkila J., Profili M., Towards health security. A discussion paper on recent health crises in the WHO European Region, Copenhagen 2007.

63. Roemer-Mahler A., Rushton S., Introduction: Ebola and International Relations, “Third World Quarterly” 2016, vol. 37, no. 3.

64. Rushton S., Global health security: Security for whom? Security from what?, “Political Studies” 2011, vol. 59, no. 4.

65. Searle J., Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language, Cambridge 1969.

66. Stażyk-Sulejewska, J., The role of international institutions during a pandemic, [in:] J. Itrich-Drabarek (ed.), Contemporary states and the pandemic, New York 2023

67. Stoett P., Framing bioinvasion: Biodiversity, climate change, governance, “Global Governance” 2010, vol. 16.

68. Stritzel H., Towards a theory of securitization: Copenhagen and beyond, “European Journal of International Relations” 2007, vol. 13, no. 3.

69. Surmacz B., Ewolucja współczesnej dyplomacji. Aktorzy, struktury, funkcje, Lublin 2015.

70. The global infectious disease threat and its implications for the United States, NIE 99-17D, January 2000.

71. The impact of AIDS on peace and security in Africa, Security Council, 4087th Meeting Monday, 10 January 2000, S/PV.4087

72. United Nations, General Assembly Resolution A /59/565.

73. Waever O., Securitization and desecuritization, [in:] R. Lipschutz (ed.), On security, New York 1995.

74. Weir L., Inventing global health security, 1994-2005, [in:] S. Rushton, J. Youde (eds.), The Routledge handbook of global health security, New York 2015.

75. Wright I., Are we at war? The politics of securitizing the coronavirus, “E-International Relations”, 10 January 2021.

76. Youde J., Global health governance in international society, “Global Governance” 2017, vol. 23.

77. Youde J., The securitization of health in the Trump era, “Australian Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

78. Yuk-pink Lo C., Thomas N., The macrosecuritization of antimicrobial resistance in Asia, “Australian Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

 

Article

Health policies in the Balkan Region – overview and chosen examples

Views count: 118
This article is a review of basic information on health policies and an introduction to the issue of their design and implementation in the Balkans. The purpose of this article is to discuss the general characteristics of health policies in the Balkans, the challenges and opportunities related to their determination, and implementation in the region and selected countries. The materials used in the preparation of the article are international publications and source documents regulating the issues raised in selected countries as well as studies of the International Health Organization. The methods used in the course of the work were analysis of source documents and data analysis. The work resulted in an article that concisely introduces the reader to the complex issue of health policies in a region still recovering from the armed conflict of the 1990s. The analysis of this issue indicates a deep differentiation of the undertaken activities and financing tools while emphasizing the similarity and often commonality of solutions. This is due to the level of development of individual countries, their economic capabilities, and the degree of advancement in integration processes with the European Union.
P. Olszewski, P. Stolarczyk, Health policies in the Balkan Region – an overview and chosen examples, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 35-53, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.2

1. Baruzeri G., Laaser U., The health status of the populations in the Western Balkans region, “South Eastern European Journal of Public Health” 2021, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-3.

2. Browne J. et al., Recent research into healthcare professions regulation: a rapid evidence assessment, “BMC Health Services Research” 2021, vol. 21, pp. 1-12, https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-021-06946-8.

3. de Leeuw E., Clavier C., Breton E., Health policy – why research it and how: Health political science, “Health Research Policy and Systems” 2014, vol. 12, no. 55, pp. 1-10.

4. Forman R. et al., Drawing light from the pandemic: Rethinking strategies for health policy and beyond, “Health Policy” 2022, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 1-6.

5. Gajić-Stevanović M. et al., Health care system of the Republic of Serbia in the period 2004-2012, “Stomatološki Glasnik Srbije” 2014, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 36-44.

6. Jones C.M., Clavier C., Potvin L., Policy processes sans frontières: Interactions in transnational governance of global health, “Society of Policy Sciences” 2020, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 161-180.

7. Jones C.M., Clavier C., Potvin L., Adapting public policy theory for public health research: A framework to understand the development of national policies on global health, “Social Sciences and Medicine” 2017, vol. 177, pp. 69-77.

8. Li Han Wong B. et al., The dawn of digital public health in Europe: Implications for public health policy and practice, “The Lancet Regional Health-Europe” 2022, vol. 14, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanepe/article/PIIS2666-7762(22)00009-6/fulltext.

9. Rütten A. et al., Determinants of health policy impact: a theoretical framework for policy analysis, “Sozial- und Präventivmedizin” 2003, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 293-300.

10. Shuleta S. et al., The relationship between government health expenditure and economic growth: Evidence from Western Balkan countries, International Journal of Applied Economics, “Finance and Accounting” 2023, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 10-20.

11. Stepovic M. et al., Analysis and forecast of indicators related to medical workers and medical technology in selected countries of Eastern Europe and the Balkans, “Healthcare” 2023, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1-12.

12. Tresa E., Czabanowska K. et al., Europeanization of health policy in post-communist European societies: Comparison of six Western Balkan countries, “Health Policy” 2022, vol. 126, no. 8, pp. 816-823.

13. Vončina L. et al., Universal Health Cover Age Study Series, No. 29, Universal Health Coverage in Croatia: Reforms to Revitalize Primary Health Care, 2018, p. 11, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/773931516167775654/pdf/Universal-health-coverage-in-Croatia-reforms-to-revitalize-primary-health-care.pdf.

14. World Health Organization, Roadmap for Health and Well-being in the Western Balkans (2021-2025): European Programme of Work (2020-2025) – United Action for Better Health, https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2021-3435-43194-60508.

15. World Health Organization, Revitalizing mental health reforms in the Western Balkans after COVID-19, https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/09-11-2022-revitalizing-mental-health-reforms-in-the-western-balkans-after-covid-19.

 

 

Article

The European Political Community: A Polish perspective

Views count: 165
This article seeks to investigate the birth and evolution of the European Political Community – a pan-European multilateral coordination format that has emerged at the initiative of France and in reaction to the Russian full-scale military aggression in Ukraine. The analysis draws on official speeches, think-tank briefs, and the Author’s participatory observation conducted during international expert meetings held in early 2023. It is argued that the EPC is still a “moving target” in the early stage of development, where both its objectives and structure are not yet fully defined. From a Polish perspective, it has so far sent a key strategic message to Russia and can serve as a vehicle to re-engage with the United Kingdom or Turkey. But it should not be used as yet another ENP-style waiting room for candidates seeking EU membership.

A. K. Cianciara, The European Political Community: A Polish perspective, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 55-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.3

1. Brzozowski A., For the European Political Community, meeting is the message, EURACTIV, 7 October 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/for-the-european-political-community-meeting-is-the-message/.

2. Chopin T., Macek L., Maillard S., The European Political Community. A new anchoring to the European Union, Institut Jacques Delors, “Policy Brief”, 31 May 2022, https://institutdelors.eu/en/publications/la-communaute-politique-europeenne/.

3. Cianciara A.K., The politics of the European Neighbourhood Policy, London–New York 2020.

4. Droin M., Toygür I., The Chisinau Summit: A Litmus Test for Moldova and the EPC, CSIS Comment, 26 May 2023, https://www.csis.org/analysis/chisinau-summit-litmus-test-moldova-and-epc.

5. Eilstrup-Sangiovanni M., What kills international organizations? When and why international organizations terminate, “European Journal of International Relations” 2021, vol. 27, no. 1, DOI: 10.1177/1354066120932976.

6. Élysée, Address by the President of the Republic at the Conference on the Future of Europe, 9 May 2022, https://www.elysee.fr/front/pdf/elysee-module-19590-en.pdf.

7. Élysée, Speech by the President of the French Republic at the conference of ambassadors, 1 September 2022, https://www.elysee.fr/en/emmanuel-macron/2022/09/01/speech-by-the-president-of-the-french-republic-at-the-conference-of-ambassadors-1.

8. Emerson M., Will the European Political Community actually be useful?, CEPS Explainer. Centre for European Policy Studies, 29 September 2022, https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/will-the-european-political-community-actually-be-useful/.

9. European Council, European Council meeting (23 and 24 June 2022) – Conclusions, Brussels, 24 June 2022 (OR. en), EUCO 24/22 CO EUR 21 CONCL 5, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/57442/2022-06-2324-euco-conclusions-en.pdf.

10. European Council, Remarks by President Charles Michel ahead of the first European Political Community Meeting, 6 October 2022, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/10/06/remarks-by-president-charles-michel-ahead-of-the-first-european-political-community-meeting/.

11. European Council, Speech by President Charles Michel at the plenary session of the European Economic and Social Committee, 18 May 2022, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/05/18/discours-du-president-charles-michel-lors-de-la-session-pleniere-du-comite-economique-et-social-europeen/.

12. European Parliamentary Research Service, Outcome of the European Political Community and European Council meetings in Prague on 6-7 October 2022, 11 October 2022, https://epthinktank.eu/2022/10/11/outcome-of-the-european-political-community-and-european-council-meetings-in-prague-on-6-7-october-2022/.

13. Grant C., Macron is serious about the European Political Community, Insight. Centre for European Reform, 1 August 2022, https://www.cer.eu/insights/macron-serious-about-european-political-community.

14. Greene S., Lucas E., Tenzer N., The road to Chişinău. How the European Political Community can – and cannot – address the wider continent’s conundrums, CEPA, 23 May 2023, https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/the-road-to-chisinau-the-european-political-community/.

15. Kaim M., Kempin R., A European Security Council. Added Value for EU Foreign and Security Policy?, SWP Comment, 4 January 2019, https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/a-european-security-council.

16. Kozioł A., Maślanka Ł., European Political Community meets for the first time, PISM Spotlight, 7 October 2022, https://www.pism.pl/publications/european-political-community-meets-for-the-first-time.

17. Kribbe H., Lumet S., van Middelaar L., Bringing the greater European family together. New perspectives on the European Political Community, Brussels Institute of Geopolitics, May 2023, https://big-europe.eu/publication/bringing-the-greater-european-family-together.

18. Macron floats EU security pact with Russia, risking Western split over Ukraine, Financial Times, 20 January 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/0db12864-a154-4607-a0e8-c9722e956424.

19. Mayer F.C. et al., Enlarging and deepening: Giving substance to the European Political Community, Bruegel, “Policy Contribution”, September 2022, https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/enlarging-and-deepening-giving-substance-european-political-community.

20. Moldovans are Europeans – President Sandu’s message which she’ll carry from a Chisinau rally to the European Political Community Summit, 22 May 2023, https://www.epcsummit2023.md/moldovans-are-europeans-president-sandus-message-which-shell-carry-chisinau-rally-european.

21. Nguyen T., European Political Community. From family photo to ‘strategic intimacy’, Hertie School Jacques Delors Centre, “Policy Brief”, 8 November 2022, https://www.delorscentre.eu/en/publications/european-political-community.

22. Pieńkowski J., Strengthening State Security a Challenge for the Pro-European Moldovan Government, “PISM Bulletin” 2023, no. 53(2172), https://pism.pl/publications/strengthening-state-security-a-challenge-for-the-pro-european-moldovan-government.

23. Pierini M., Five takeaways from the European Political Community Summit, Carnegie Europe, 18 October 2022, https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/88189.

24. Pisani-Ferry J., Schwarzer D., How to Build the European Political Community, Opinion. Project Syndicate, 3 October 2022, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/european-political-community-epc-prague-summit-by-jean-pisani-ferry-and-daniela-schwarzer-2022-10.

25. Plesca L., Assessing the Implications for Moldova in Hosting the European Political Community Summit, GMF Insights, 18 May 2023, https://www.gmfus.org/news/assessing-implications-moldova-hosting-european-political-community-summit.

26. Popescu N., Keynote speech European Political Community Summit: key topic and expectations, High-level Conference, IPRE & CEPS, Chisinau, 25 May 2023.

27. Prime Minister’s Office, UK-France Joint Leaders’ Declaration, 10 March 2023, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-france-joint-leaders-declaration/uk-france-joint-leaders-declaration.

28. Prodi R., A wider Europe – A proximity policy as the key to stability, SPEECH/02/619, Brussels, 5-6 December 2002, https://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do?docId=255969&cardId=255969.

29. Szymanek J., Europejska Wspólnota Polityczna, „Infos BAS (Biuro Analiz Sejmowych)”, 9 March 2023, no. 3(305), https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm9.nsf/publikacjaBAS.xsp?documentId=82311BDED456D419C125896A0040F3AC&lang=PL.

Article

The hydrogen policy of the Visegrad Countries. A comparative study

Views count: 150
The present paper aims to analyse and compare the preconditions for implementing hydrogen strategies in the Visegrad countries. This study attempts to verify that hydrogen policies are going to be implemented at different rates, thereby delaying their introduction. It is extremely important to assert this claim in the context of the energy crisis, the war in Ukraine, and the European Union’s aspirations to achieve low-carbon economy goals and energy self-sufficiency policies at both the national and EU levels. Furthermore, the study attempts to provide answers to the following research questions: firstly, does the hydrogen policy have a realistic chance of being implemented in the Visegrad region? Secondly, will it be implemented in the indicated form and extent of cooperation?

J. Marzec, The hydrogen policy of the Visegrad Countries: A comparative study, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 73-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.4

1. Black Horse, https://h2v.eu/hydrogen-valleys/black-horse.

2. Błach-Morysińska K., Tchorek G., Mapa rozwoju rynku i technologii dla obszaru technologii wodorowych, PARP, Warsaw 2022.

3. Doliny wodorowe w Polsce, https://h2poland.eu/pl/kategorie/doliny-wodorowe/odbior-spoleczny/doliny-wodorowe-w-polsce/.

4. European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The European Council, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, REPowerEU Plan {SWD(2022) 230 final}.

5. European Commission, 2020. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe, Brussels, 8 July 2020, 301 final.

6. Gołębiowska M., Paszkowski M., Szacawa D., Neutralni dla klimatu: zielona transformacja państw Europy Środkowej w dobie pandemii COVID-19, “Prace IES” 2021, no. 15.

7. International Energy Agency, Hydrogen, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/hydrogen.

8. International Energy Agency, Hydrogen – more efforts needed, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/hydrogen.

9. International Energy Agency, The future of hydrogen, 2019, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen.

10. Janiček L., Reichmann L., Hydrogen law, regulations & strategy in the Czech Republic, https://cms.law/en/pol/.

11. Kochanek E., The role of hydrogen in the Visegrad Group approach to energy transition, “Energies” 2022, vol. 15, no. 19.

12. Niewiński P., Critical Infrastructure at Sea and the Energy Security of the Republic of Poland, “Energy Policy Studies” 2022, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 3-14.

13. The Government of Poland, Polish Hydrogen Strategy Until 2030 with an Outlook Until 2040, 2021.

14. The Hungarian Government, Hungary’s National Hydrogen Strategy. Strategy for the Introduction of Clean Hydrogen and Hydrogen Technologies to the Domestic Market and for Establishing Background Infrastructure for the Hydrogen Industry, 2021.

15. Todorović I., Czech coal regions to introduce hydrogen technologies, Balkans Green Energy News, https://balkangreenenergynews.com/czech-coal-regions-to-introduce-hydrogen-technologies/.

16. Trubalska J., Slovakia – case study, [in:] A. Wiącek, M. Ruszel, J. Stec-Rusiecka (eds.), Energy security. Selected issues, Rzeszów 2022.

Article

Regional cooperation formats and the issue of military security of post-conflict states. Case study of the South-East European Cooperation Process

Views count: 162
The South-East European Cooperation Process (SEECP) was launched in 1996, however, its functioning is an ongoing research phenomenon. This regional cooperation format includes all 13 states of South-East Europe. It was established as a forum of political dialogue and consultation, where regional issues could be addressed at the highest level. One of the objectives of the SEECP was security cooperation. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of the SEECP in maintaining security in the region of the Western Balkans. This article argues that since 1996, the SEECP has been evolving and is becoming an important format of regional cooperation in South East Europe, however, it plays a limited role in maintaining the military security of the post-conflict states of the Western Balkans. From the point of view of the members of the SEECP, military security and peace could be obtained through the integration of the participants of the SEECP, in particular those located in the Western Balkans, with the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The article also shows that establishing the SEECP did not eliminate tensions and riots based on ethnicity in some states of the Western Balkans and so, the SEECP still has a lot to do in the matters of reconciliation and good-neighbourliness. The article is based on primary and secondary source analysis, case study method comparative analysis, and the historical method.
P. Szeląg, Regional cooperation formats and the issue of military security of post-conflict states. Case study of the South-East European Cooperation Process, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 91-107, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.5

1. Art. R.J., Creating a disaster: NATO’s open door policy, „Political Science Quarterly” 1998, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 383-403.

2. Bieber F., Post-war Bosnia: Ethnicity, inequality and public sector governance, London 2006.

3. Caplan R., Assessing the Dayton Accord: The structural weaknesses of the general framework agreement for peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, “Diplomacy & Statecraft” 2000, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 213-232.

4. Charter on Good-Neighbourly Relations, Stability, Security and Cooperation in South-Eastern Europe, Bucharest, 12 February 2000, https://www.rcc.int/files/user/docs/2013.10.03_CHARTER_SEECD.pdf.

5. Chisinau Declaration of the 12th Meeting of the Heads of State and Government of the South-East European Cooperation Process (SEECP), Chisinau, 5 June 2009, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_53da4274dbd144a682f87b231115a2a8.pdf.

6. European Union External Action. What we do: Policies and Actions. Missions and Operations. Working for a stable world and a safer Europe, 23 January 2023, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/missions-and-operations_en.

7. Hyde A., Seizing the initiative: The importance of regional cooperation in Southeast Europe and the prominent role of the Southeast European cooperation process, “Southeast European and Black Sea Studies” 2004, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.1-22.

8. Istanbul Declaration on Music as a Metaphor of Cultural Dialogue in South-East Europe, Eight Summit of the Heads of State of South-East Europe, Istanbul, 23 June 2010, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_492091b369f54a3caf8b7a8831aeb2d2.pdf.

9. Joint Statement by the Heads of State and Government of Countries of South Eastern Europe, Heraklion, Crete, 4 November 1997, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_4780584f8cf3480ca25c338a5975c9c5.pdf.

10. NATO, NATO’s South East Europe Initiative, https://www.nato.int/seei/home.htm.

11. NATO, Member countries, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm.

12. NATO, The Partnership for Peace Programme, https://www.sto.nato.int/Pages/partnership-for-peace.aspx.

13. Pomorie Declaration of the 11th Meeting of the Heads of State and Government of the South-East European Cooperation Process (SEECP), Pomorie, 21 May 2008, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_75d41c9d1a5f44eead0b844add390242.pdf.

14. Republic of Albania Ministry of Defence, The Multinational Peace Force Southeastern Europe (SEEBRIG), https://www.mod.gov.al/eng/security-policies/relations-with/international-and-regional-organization/95-seebrig.

15. SEECP Antalya Summit Declaration, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_e03f601fa13f448db7841a8d101534f7.pdf.

16. SEECP Brdo Summit Declaration, Brdo, 24 April 2018, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_8f627cebc7174a20aeecf237d8a53558.pdf.

17. SEECP Budva Declaration of the 14th Meeting of the Heads of State and Government of the South-East European Cooperation Process, Budva, 30 June 2011, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_c3703def55844d51b07c41d14f40c85e.pdf.

18. SEECP Bucharest Summit Declaration, Bucharest, 25 June 2014, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_383e3a6a21394351bf7fb2c24a7b6bab.pdf.

19. SEECP Dubrovnik Summit Declaration, Dubrovnik, 30 June 2017, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_57c34753598c4f5dafd815f1ae7edb8b.pdf.

20. SEECP Ohrid Declaration of the Formal Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs, Ohrid, 31 May 2013, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_456acde395984314a65dc6d15cf222f5.pdf.

21. SEECP Sarajevo-Jahorina Summit Declaration, 9 July 2017, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_9f4fbd70244748dbaf8513040b6f4f38.pdf.

22. SEECP Sofia Summit Declaration 20th Anniversary of the SEECP – Key to regional Cooperation, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_cfb4cbc9079c43779a39f656a4c8c4d9.pdf.

23. SEECP Thessaloniki Summit Declaration, Thessaloniki”, 10 June 2022, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_4c61765071eb4556be9ad52b63c430f6.pdf.

24. SEECP Tirana Summit Declaration, Tirana, 25 May 2015, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_ddae3552fd5e455b94706df3e6cd75c2.pdf.

25. Sofia Declaration on Good-Neighbourly Relations, Stability, Security and Cooperation in the Balkans, Sofia, 6-7 July 1996, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_019fff4792e14d71a3aa4dc420955315.pdf.

26. South-East European Cooperation Process. SEECP Chairmanship, https://www.seecp.info/membership-copy.

27. South-East European Cooperation Process 7th Summit, Sarajevo Declaration, Sarajevo, 21 April 2004, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_5db8b9adcbd0443ebddfd66b1d57ca33.pdf.

28. Summit Declaration of the Countries of South Eastern Europe, Antalya, 12-13 October 1998, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_69d88f03d1564f3fb7e67ec3e940bf46.pdf.

29. Summit Declaration of the Heads of State and Government of South-East European Countries, Skopje, 23 February 2001, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_4ebf9e5a2a8345fbbf04a82237945f8c.pdf.

30. Thessaloniki Declaration of the Ninth Meeting of the Heads of State and Government of the South-East European Cooperation Process (SEECP) Together in Europe, Thessaloniki, 4 May 2006, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_f2210f9008134425b8cec4dcd3d5f6d4.pdf.

31. United Nations, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, https://www.icty.org/.

32. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999), S/RES/1244 (1999), 10 June 1999, SEDM Process Portal, https://www.sedmprocess.org/.

33. Wunsch N., EU enlargement and civil society in the Western Balkans. From mobilisation to empowerment, Cham 2018.

34. 33. Zagreb Declaration of the 10th Meeting of the Heads of State and Government of the South-East European Co-operation Process (SEECP) Europe’s New South East, Zagreb, 11 May 2007, https://www.seecp.info/_files/ugd/879876_fc126484c23046e6b8a6104fcb28d20f.pdf.

Article

Defence diplomacy of the Bucharest Nine (B9) countries during the war in Ukraine. The balance of the first year of the war

Views count: 139
The article concerns the cooperation of NATO’s eastern flank countries in support of war-torn Ukraine. The aim of the discussion is to show the actions of the B9 countries, implementing the ideas and tasks of defence diplomacy, undertaken during the first year of the war (24 February, 2022 – 24 February, 2023). This support took place in several key areas: political, diplomatic, military, and humanitarian. It was of fundamental importance for maintaining the functioning and stability of Ukraine and its fighting capabilities, especially in the early period after the Russian Federation’s invasion. The author tried to verify the following: how was Ukraine supported in practice? Did all B9 countries equally and with the same level of commitment provide assistance in all the identified areas? What factors could potentially strengthen or weaken the B9 countries’ involvement in implementing the ideas of defence diplomacy in Ukraine? The analysis was based on current data and materials made available over the past year in the media and on the Internet.
S. Olszyk, Defence diplomacy of the Bucharest Nine (B9) countries during the war in Ukraine. The balance of the first year of the war, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 109-134, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.6

1. Andrzej Duda przed Radą Najwyższą Ukrainy, 22.05.2022, https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wizyty-zagraniczne/andrzej-duda-z-wizyta-na-ukrainie,54043.

2. Bodalska B., Szczyt B9 o wojnie w Ukrainie i wzmocnieniu wschodniej flanki NATO, 13.06.2022, https://www.euractiv.pl/section/bezpieczenstwo-i-obrona/news/szczyt-b9-wojna-ukraina-wschodnia-flanka-nato/ [24.04.2023].

3. Brzezinski Z., The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives, New York 1997.

4. Całus K. i in., Wschodnia flanka NATO po roku wojny – mobilizacja różnych prędkości, “Komentarze OSW” 2023, nr 491, s. 1-6, https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/Komentarze%20OSW%20491.pdf.

5. Całus K., Nad wyraz ostrożnie. Rumunia wobec rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę, “Analizy OSW”, 14.10.2022, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2022-10-14/nad-wyraz-ostroznie-rumunia-wobec-rosyjskiej-inwazji-na-ukraine.

6. Drab L., Dyplomacja obronna w procesie kształtowania bezpieczeństwa RP, Warszawa 2018.

7. Frączek J., Polska pomoc dla Ukrainy przebiła wszystkich. Oto ile poszło z zasobów armii, 26 February 2023, https://tiny.pl/wzq68.

8. Gołębiowska M., Litewska solidarność z Ukrainą, “Komentarze IEŚ” 2022, nr 712, s. 1-2, https://ies.lublin.pl/komentarze/litewska-solidarnosc-z-ukraina/.

9. Kalendarz posiedzeń [24.02.2022-24.02.2023], https://tiny.pl/wzqb3.

10. Kostrzewa K., MSZ: W dalszym ciągu nie planujemy ewakuacji naszej ambasady w Kijowie, 28.02.2022, https://tiny.pl/wzqzh.

11. Lewkowicz Ł., Czarnecki S., Héjj D., (Nie)jednolitość państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej wobec agresji rosyjskiej na Ukrainę, “Komentarze IEŚ” 2022, nr 567, https://ies.lublin.pl/komentarze/niejednosc-panstw-grupy-wyszehradzkiej-wobec-agresji-rosyjskiej-na-ukraine/.

12. List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#.

13. Małecki M., W ciągu roku od napaści Polska przekazała Ukrainie uzbrojenie o wartości ponad 2,2 mld euro, “Dziennik Gazeta Prawna”, 24.02.2023, https://tiny.pl/wzqzm.

14. Mapa tygodnia: Polska dyplomacja w czasie wojny na Ukrainie, https://tiny.pl/wzqzt.

15. Ogrodnik Ł., Reakcja Czech na rosyjską agresję zbrojną na Ukrainę, 03.03.2022, https://www.pism.pl/publikacje/reakcja-czech-na-rosyjska-agresje-zbrojna-na-ukraine.

16. Olszyk S., Bukaresztańska Dziewiątka (B9), [w:] Encyklopedia bezpieczeństwa, t. 5, O. Wasiuta, S. Wasiuta (red.), Kraków 2022, s. 104-114.

17. Olszyk S., Państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej wobec konfliktu na Ukrinie, [w:] Problemy bezpieczeństwa Europy i Azji, T. Ambroziak i in. (red.), Toruń 2016, s. 162-178.

18. Olszyk S., The role of think tanks in actions for defence diplomacy. An example of Poland, “Polish Political Science Yearbook” 2022, t. 51, s. 155-181, https://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/images/pliki/ppsy/51/ppsy202221_10.pdf.

19. Olszyk S., Wschodnia flanka NATO, [w:] Encyklopedia bezpieczeństwa, t. 5, O. Wasiuta, S. Wasiuta (red.), Kraków 2022, s. 966-972.

20. Oświadczenie Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 24 lutego 2022 r. w sprawie agresji Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainę, http://orka.sejm.gov.pl/proc9.nsf/uchwaly/2048_u.htm.

21. Pacewicz P., Gdzie jest milion uchodźców z Ukrainy? W danych SG widać też lęk przed rocznicą 24 lutego, 28.02.2023, https://oko.press/ilu-jest-uchodzcow-z-ukrainy.

22. Statement by NATO Heads of State and Government on Russia’s attack on Ukraine, 25.02.2022, https://tiny.pl/wzqzp.

23. Szczyt Grupy Wyszehradzkiej: Prezydenci V4 omówili kwestie dotyczące wojny w Ukrainie, 11.10.2022, https://tiny.pl/wzqz4.

24. Szczyt UE-Ukraina, 3 lutego 2023, https://tiny.pl/wzqz8.

25. Terlikowski M. i in., The Bucharest 9: Delivering on the Promise to Become the Voice of the Eastern Flank, “PISM Policy Paper” 2018, nr 4, s. 1-8, https://www.pism.pl/upload/images/artykuly/legacy/files/24501.pdf

26. Ukraine Refugee Situation, UNHCR, https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine.

27. Ukraine Support Tracker. Government support to Ukraine: Military aid, € billion, Kiel Institute for The World Economy, https://app.23degrees.io/view/KJpesgWQv1CmxoMr-bar-stacked-horizontal-figure-5_scv.

28. Ustawa z dnia 12 marca 2022 r. o pomocy obywatelom Ukrainy w związku z konfliktem zbrojnym na terytorium tego państwa (Dz.U. 2022 poz. 583).

29. Wizyty zagraniczne prezydenta Andrzeja Dudy, https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wizyty-zagraniczne.

30. Wojna na Ukrainie. Szczyt Bukaresztańskiej Dziewiątki w Warszawie, 25.02.2022, https://tiny.pl/wzq3g.

31. Wspólna deklaracja Przewodniczących Parlamentów Estonii, Litwy, Łotwy i Polski w rok od rozpoczęcia pełnowymiarowej inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę, https://tiny.pl/wzqsk.

 

Article

Communist Party documents from the period of its rule in Kazakhstan and Poland – a comparative study

Views count: 116
The article is a brief comparison of the documentation system of the Communist Party ruling Poland from 1944 to 1989 and in Kazakhstan from 1918 to 1991. Despite considerable geographical remoteness, there are strong similarities between them in terms of party organisation, office rules and provisions regulating archives. This was caused by the reflection of Soviet models in communist Poland after 1944. The regaining of sovereignty by Poland in 1990 and independence by Kazakhstan in 1992 led to the transfer of documentation from party archives to the state archive service in both countries. As a result, it was possible to study and make them publicly available.
D. Magier, M. Tursynbekovich Shotayev, T. Zhandosovich Makhanbayev, Communist Party documents from the period of its rule in Kazakhstan and Poland: A comparative study, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 135-151, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.7

1. Charczuk W., Dokumentacja MBP, MO, KBW i WP w latach 1944-1954 jako przykład sowietyzacji biurokracji, [in:] A. Górak, D. Magier (eds.), Dzieje biurokracji na ziemiach polskich, vol. 2, Lublin–Siedlce 2000, pp. 333-358.

2. Galuba R., Materiały archiwalne, dokumentacja i archiwa PZPR w polskim prawie archiwalnym, [in:] D. Magier (ed.), Partia komunistyczna w Polsce. Struktury, ludzie, dokumentacja, Lublin–Radzyń Podlaski 2012.

3. Głowiński M., Nowomowa i ciągi dalsze. Szkice dawne i nowe, Cracow 2009.

4. Guide to the funds of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Reference and information edition, compiled by E.M. Gribanova, A.A. Seisenbaeva, B.A. Dzhaparova (eds.), edition 2, supplemented, Almaty 2016.

5. Heller M., Maszyna i śrubki. Jak hartował się człowiek sowiecki, Warsaw 1989.

6. Horst W., Kancelarie i archiwa Centralnego Komitetu Wykonawczego Polskiej Partii Socjalistycznej, Komitetu Centralnego polskiej partii Robotniczej i Komitetu Centralnego Polskiej Zjednoczonej partii Robotniczej (1944-1990), Warsaw 2006.

7. Institute of Party History under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata 1973.

8. Magier D., Czynności kancelaryjne w komitetach PPR. Przyczynek do badań nad systemami kancelaryjnymi struktur partii komunistycznej w Polsce, [in:] idem (ed.), Partia komunistyczna w Polsce. Struktury, ludzie, dokumentacja, Lublin¬–Radzyń Podlaski 2012, pp. 505-506.

9. Magier D., System biurokratyczny Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej w województwie bialskopodlaskim w latach 1975-1990, Siedlce 2012.

10. Malysheva S.Yu., Fundamentals of archival science: Textbook, Kazan 2002.

11. Markowska E., Stan badań nad dziejami kancelarii komunistycznych struktur partyjnych w Polsce w latach 1948-1990, [in:] D. Magier (ed.), Partia komunistyczna w Polsce. Struktury, ludzie, dokumentacja, Lublin–Radzyń Podlaski 2012.

12. Voslensky M., Nomenclature. The ruling class of the Soviet Union, Moscow 1991.

 

 

 

Article

The construction of fake war news. Specificities of disinformation in social media during the first six months of the Ukraine-Russia war (March-September 2022)

Views count: 132
Modern warfare, including the Ukraine-Russia war, relies heavily on disinformation. Fake news on social media is an integral part of this. At the same time, each conflict is characterised by distinct communication specificities and in the context of the complex effects of fake news, questions arise about their specificity for a given conflict. The aim of the presented research was to answer the question of what the various fake news about the Russian-Ukrainian war disseminated in Polish-language social media have in common and what narrative they generate. The analysis covered the construction of the messages as well as their contexts: social, cultural, historical, and political. For this purpose, a three-stage analysis of ten fake news cases disseminated between March and September 2022 was conducted, applying a three-element analytical matrix. The research made it possible to identify the properties of fake news, generated narratives, and their possible effects.
K. Kopecka-Piech, D. Dyksik, M. Sobiech, The construction of fake war news. Specificities of disinformation in social media during the first six months of the Russia-Ukraine war (March-September 2022), „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 155-173, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.8

1. Babacan K., Tam M.S., The information warfare role of social media: Fake news in the Russia-Ukraine war, “Erciyes İletişim Dergisi” 2022, vol. 3, pp. 75-92.

2. Bakir V., McStay A. Fake news and the economy of emotions: problems, causes, solutions, “Digital Journalism” 2018, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 154-175.

3. Bylicki P., Borkowska K., Report: Fake news from the Polish perspective, Public Dialog K, 2017, https://publicdialog.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Raport_Badanie-fake-news-23-05-2017.pdf.

4. Fetzer J.H., Disinformation: The use of false information, “Minds and machines”, 2004, no. 14, pp. 231-240.

5. Giachanou A., Zhang G., Rosso P., Multimodal multi-image fake news detection, 2020 IEEE 7th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA), Sydney 2020, pp. 647-654.

6. Gottfried J., Shearer E., News use across social media platforms 2016, Pew Research Center, 2016, https://www.journalism.org/2016/ 05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms2016D.

7. Grycuk A., Fake news, trolls, bots and cyborgs in social media, “BAS Analyses” 2021, vol. 152, no. 1, p. 2.

8. Haigh M., Haigh T., Fighting and Framing Fake News, [in:] The Sage Handbook of Propaganda, P. Baines, N. O’Shaughnessy, N. Snow (eds.), London 2019, pp. 303-323.

9. Khan A., Brohman K., Addas S., The anatomy of fake news: Studying false messages as digital objects, “Journal of Information Technology” 2022, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 122-143.

10. Knopf T.A., Rumors, race and riots, New Brunswick 1975.

11. Kreft J., Boguszewicz-Kreft M., Hliebova D.M., Under the fire of disinformation. attitudes towards fake news in the Ukrainian frozen war, “Journalism Practice” 2023, pp. 1-21.

12. Kuzminski A., The methods of disinformation in the Russia-Ukraine war, “Rhetoric and Communications” 2022, vol. 53, pp. 167-171.

13. Lazer D., Baum M.A., Benkler Y. et al., The science of fake news, “Science” 2018, vol. 6380, no. 359, pp. 1094-1096.

14. Lucas E., Pomeranzev P., Winning the information war, [in:] Techniques and counter-strategies to Russian propaganda in Central and Eastern Europe, E. Lucas, P. Pomeranzev (eds.), The Center for European Policy Analysis, Washington 2016, pp.1-66.

15. Merrin W., Digital war: A critical introduction, Abingdon 2018.

16. Mihailidis P., Viotty S., Spreadable spectacle in digital culture: Civic expression, fake news, and the role of media literacies in ‘post-fact’ society, “American Behavioral Scientist” 2017, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 441-454.

17. Mingers J., Standing C., What is information? Toward a theory of information as objective and veridical, “Journal of Information Technology” 2018, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 85-104.

18. Molina M.D., Sundar S.S., Le T., Lee D., Fake news is not simply false information: A concept explication and taxonomy of online content, “American Behavioral Scientist” 2019, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 180-212.

19. Nowak W., Fake News in Times of Contagion, “Discourse & Dialogue” 2020, no. 1, pp. 105-117.

20. Palczewski M., Fake news and freedom of speech, Staszic Institute, 11 January 2019, http://instytutstaszica. org/2019/02/11/fake-news-a-wolnosc-slowa/.

21. Palczewski M., The discourse of fake news, “Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia de Cultura” 2019, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 15-31.

22. Pennycook G., Cannon T.D., Rand D.G., Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news, “Journal of Experimental Psychology: General” 2018, vol. 147, no. 12, pp. 1865-1880.

23. Pennycook G., Rand D.G., The psychology of fake news, “Trends in Cognitive Sciences” 2021, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 388-402.

24. Perez E., Strategic disinformation: Russia, Ukraine and crisis communication in digital era, “On Research” 2022, pp. 8-18.

25. Renz B., Russia and hybrid warfare, “Contemporary Politics” 2016, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 283-300.

26. Rashkin H., Choi E., Jang J.Y., Volkova S., Choi Y., Truth of varying shades: Analyzing Language in Fake News and Political FactChecking, [in:] Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, M. Palmer, R.Hwa, S. Riedel (eds.), EMNLP ‘17, Copenhagen 2017, pp. 2931-2937.

27. Rosińska K.A., Disinformation in Poland: Thematic classification based on content analysis of fake news from 2019, “Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace” 2022, vol. 15, no. 4, article 5.

28. Shallcross N.J., Social media and information operations in the 21st century, “Journal of Information Warfare” 2017, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-12.

29. Shao C., Ciampaglia G., Varol O., Yang K.C, Flammini A., Menczer F., The spread of low-credibility content by social bots, “Nature Communications” 2018, no. 9, pp. 1-9.

30. Stănescu G., Ukraine conflict: the challenge of informational war, “Social Sciences and Education Research Review” 2022, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 146-148.

31. Svintsytskyi A.V., Semeniuk O., Irkha B.Y., Suslin S.V., Countering fake information as a guarantee of state information security, “Security Journal” 2002, pp. 1-16.

32. Tandoc E., Lim Z.W., Ling R., Defining ‘fake news’: A typology of scholarly definition, “Digital Journalism” 2017, vol. 6 no. 2, pp. 137-153.

33. Thornton R., Social media, crisis communication and community-led response and recovery, https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1711562/social-media-crisis-communication-and-community-led-response-and-recovery/2443211/.

34. Vosoughi S., Roy D., Aral S., The spread of true and false news online, “Science” 2018, vol. 6380, no. 359, pp. 1146-1151.

Article

“But then the war started”: The value of diversity in editorial practices during times of war and crisis

Views count: 140
In this article, we analyse the impact of disruptive media events on the perceived value of diversity in editorial practices, with a specific focus on the Polish media debate following the onset of the Ukrainian-Russian war in February 2022. We do this based on a unique dataset derived from in-depth interviews with eight editors representing four different newsrooms conducted before, immediately after, and approximately one year after the start of the war. Our research answers the question of whether newsrooms can defend the value of diversity during the coverage of war and crisis. We also assess the impact of the changed geopolitical context, characterised by nation-building mobilisation and public sentiments of solidarity with Ukrainians, on editorial decisions to mute, delay, or opt out of publishing certain stories. We contribute to research on the epistemologies of journalistic news production during times of crisis, news diversity, and the role of the media in democratic societies.
G. Gober, A. Jupowicz-Ginalska, “But then the war started”: The value of diversity in editorial practices during times of war and crisis, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 175-196, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.9
  1. 1. Anagnostopulu A., Migranci ekonomiczni, czyli kto?, Business Insider, 29 November 2021, https://businessinsider.com.pl/gospodarka/migranci-ekonomiczni-czyli-kto-oto-warunki-zycia-osob-ktore-szukaja-w-polsce/258xs64.2. Baden C., Springer N., Conceptualizing viewpoint diversity in news discourse, “Journalism” 2017, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 176-194, https://doi-org.ezp.sub.su.se/10.1177/1464884915605028.

    3. Boesman J., Van Gorp B., An Insidious Poison or a Door to the Story?, “Journalism Practice” 2017, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 559-576, DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2016.1159920.

    4. Bolin G., Ståhlberg P., Managing Meaning in Ukraine: Information, Communication, and Narration since the Euromaidan Revolution, Cambridge 2023, https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14147.001.0001.

    5. Callison C., Young M.L., Reckoning: Journalism’s Limits and Possibilities, Journalism and Political Comm Unbound, Oxford 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190067076.001.0001.

    6. Charmaz K., Constructing grounded theory. 2nd edition, Thousand Oaks 2014.

    7. Czuchnowski W., Korzeniowska K., Poland’s free media is shrinking, “International Press Institute”, 3 February 2022, https://ipi.media/polands-free-media-is-shrinking-gazeta-wyborcza/.

    8. Ekström M., Lewis S.C., Westlund O., Epistemologies of digital journalism and the study of misinformation, “New Media & Society” 2020, vol 22, no. 2, pp. 205-212, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819856914.

    9. Entman R.M., Cascading Activation: Contesting the White House’s frame after 9/11, “Political Communication” 2003, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 415-432.

    10. Erling B., As Polish public radio becomes politicised, presenters are creating independent crowdfunded alternatives, “Notes from Poland”, 20 July 2020, https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/07/20/as-polish-public-radio-becomes-politicised-presenters-are-creating-independent-crowdfunded-alternatives/.

    11. Erling B., Kozielski M., Niedbalski M., Atak Rosji na Ukrainę w polskich mediach. Reakcja na wojnę, Press, 25 February 2022, https://www.press.pl/tresc/69539,polskie-media-i-wojna_-inne-ramowki_-podcasty_-flaga-ukrainy-i-rezygnacja-z-rosyjskich-seriali.

    12. Ferris-Rotman A., Ukraine’s Women Refugees Face the Harsh Reality of Poland’s Abortion Restrictions, Time, 21 June 2022, https://time.com/6188502/ukraine-women-poland-abortion-ban/.

    13. Ukraine war hands Poland new international role, France24.com, 21 February 2023, https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230221-ukraine-war-hands-poland-new-international-role.

    14. Deklaracja redakcyjna, Gazeta.pl, n.d., https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/o_nas/7,174552,27943986,nie-musimy-byc-pomiedzy-by-opisywac-rzeczywistosc-deklaracja.html.

    15. Gober G., Ohia-Nowak M., Globalny Projekt Monitorowania Mediów 2022. Polska. Raport Krajowy, Whomakesthenews.org, January 2022, https://whomakesthenews.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/GMMP-POLSKA-2020.pdf.

    16. Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, Situation on the Polish-Belarusian border, 5 January 2022, https://hfhr.pl/en/news/situation-on-the-polish-belarusian-border.

    17. Katz E., Liebes T., “No more peace!” How disaster, terror and war have upstaged media events, “International Journal of Communication” 2007, vol. 1, pp. 157-166, https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/44.

    18. Kitch C., Mourning in America: Ritual, redemption, and recovery in news narrative after September 11, “Journalism Studies” 2003, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 213-224.

    19. Kirby P., Has Putin’s war failed and what does Russia want from Ukraine?, BBC.com, 24 February 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589.

    20. Mikulska A., Kojzar K., Rumieńczyk B., Wandas M., Szósty dzień na granicy. Ogrom pomocy, fala rasizmu, OKO:Press, 1 March 2022, https://twitter.com/oko_press/status/1498795515894546437.

    21. Njai A., Torres M., Matache M., Ukraine: The Refugee Double Standard. Foreign Policy in Focus, Foreign Policy in Focus, 15 March 2022, https://fpif.org/ukraine-the-refugee-double-standard/.

    22. Nossek H., News media-media events: Terrorist acts as media events, “Communications” 2008, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 313-330.

    23. Pacewicz P., Szymczak J., Homofobia PiS. Jak rozbudzali nienawiść do LGBT prezydent, prezes, ministrowie, posłowie, OKO.press, 28 July 2019, https://oko.press/homofobia-pis-jak-rozbudzali-nienawisc-do-lgbt-prezydent-prezes-ministrowie-poslowie-33-cytaty.

    24. Plaut S., Reshaping the Borders of Journalism, “Journalism Practice” 2017, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-32, DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2015.1092391.

    25. Riegert K., Olsson E.-K., The importance of ritual in crisis journalism, “Journalism Practice” 2007, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 143-158.

    26. Grabiec: Temat imigrantów pogrąży PiS, Rp.pl, 5 July 2023, https://www.rp.pl/polityka/art38698271-grabiec-temat-imigrantow-pograzy-pis.

    27. Unjustified firing of journalists from Poland’s state broadcaster, RSF, 3 February 2020, https://rsf.org/en/unjustified-firing-journalists-poland-s-state-broadcaster.

    28. Schiffter K., Poland’s answer to Ukrainians fleeing the Russian invasion, International Bar Association, 22 April 2022, https://www.ibanet.org/polands-response-to-ukrainians-fleeing-the-russian-invasion.

    29. Steensen S., Journalism’s epistemic crisis and its solution: Disinformation, datafication and source criticism, “Journalism” 2019, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 185-189, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918809271.

    30. Stolarek J.M., Poland: Freedom of the press in free fall, Heinrich Böll Foundation, 8 May 2020, https://eu.boell.org/en/2020/05/08/poland-freedom-press-free-fall.

    31. Thorbjørnsrud K., Figenschou T.U., Consensus and dissent after terror: Editorial policies in times of crisis, “Journalism” 2018, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 333-348.

    32. Tondo L., Strzyżyńska W., We understand what war means: Poles rush to aid Ukraine’s refugees, The Guardian, 5 Mar 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/mar/05/poland-rush-to-aid-ukraine-refugees-russia-war.

    33. Aktualna sytuacja granicy ukraińsko-polskiej, Ukrainian in Poland, 18 July 2023, https://www.ukrainianinpoland.pl/how-many-ukrainians-have-crossed-the-ukrainian-polish-border-since-the-beginning-of-the-war-current-data-pl/.

    34. Uusitalo N., Valaskivi K., Sumiala J., Epistemic modes in news production: How journalists manage ways of knowing in hybrid media events involving terrorist violence, “Journalism” 2022, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1811-1827, https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211015601.

    35. Waisbord S., Journalism, risk, and patriotism, [in:] Journalism after September, vol. 11, B. Zelizer, S. Allan (eds.), London, New York 2022, pp. 201-219.

    36. Wiseman J., Democracy Declining: Erosion of Media Freedom in Poland. Media Freedom Rapid Response (MFRR) Press Freedom Mission to Poland (November-December 2020), Mission Report, 11 February 2021, https://ipi.media/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/20210211_Poland_PF_Mission_Report_ENG_final.pdf.

    37. Zandberg E., Neiger M., Between the nation and the profession: Journalists as members of contradicting communities, “Media, Culture & Society” 2005, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 131-141.

Article

The spread of Russian disinformation within the Ukrainian information field

Views count: 123
The objective of this study is to identify and analyse the methods of disinformation utilized by Russia to disseminate information in the Ukrainian information field. The main tasks include defining the concept of disinformation and explaining its societal dangers, characterising Information-Psychological Operations (IPSO) as a component of Russia's disinformation campaign against Ukraine and investigating the most prevalent elements utilised by Russia in the dissemination of disinformation. This study is aimed at the synthesis and combination of methods of monitoring, content analysis, and comparative analysis. The article selects publications that exhibit disinformation targeted at Ukrainian society. Disinformation propagated by Russia is subsequently refuted by either foreign or Ukrainian publications, including the “NotaEnota” organisation. The study reveals that Russian disinformation aims to propagate specific narratives and manipulate mass consciousness. Disinformation involves intentionally creating misleading and manipulative content, often in the form of artificially created fakes. The information field of Ukraine has become the primary battleground for Russia's hybrid warfare tactics, which include disinformation, propaganda, and fakes. To effectively counter these tactics, society needs to develop critical thinking skills and media literacy to discern and evaluate information critically. Future research aims to delve deeper into the methods employed in creating disinformation, their objectives, and potential strategies to prevent or counteract their influence.
N. Voitovych, L. Imbirovska-Syvakivska, The spread of Russian disinformation within the Ukrainian information field, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 197-211, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.10

1. A de bula usi 8 rokiv? Ne vsi ukraintsi poviryly u shchyrosti antyvoiennoho performansu na rosTV ‒ reaktsiia sotsmerezh, Telehraf, b.d., https://telegraf.com.ua/ukr/novosti-rossii/2022-03-14/5699400-a-gde-byla-vse-8-let-ne-vse-ukraintsy-poverili-v-iskrennosti-antivoennogo-performansa-na-rostv-reaktsiya-sotssetey.

2. Attack on Ukrainian government websites linked to gru hackers – bellingcat, b.d., bellingcat, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2022/02/23/attack-on-ukrainian-government-websites-linked-to-russian-gru-hackers/.

3. Dunaieva L., Dezinformatsiini vyklyky pid chas rosiisko-ukrainskoi viiny: politolohichnyi analiz, “POLITYKUS” 2022, vol. 5, pp. 73-78, http://politicus.od.ua/5_2022/11.pdf.

4. Harasym A., Kakhovska HES bula rozrakhovana vytrymaty yadernyi udar. Ni pro yaku yii samoruinatsiiu ne mozhe buty y movy, Texty.org.ua, 07 June 2023, https://texty.org.ua/fragments/109840/kahovska-ges-bula-rozrahovana-vytrymaty-yadernyj-udar-ni-pro-yaku-yiyi-samorujnaciyu-ne-mozhe-buty-j-movy/?fbclid=IwAR2PHu6AsD12Cjp6U3ou3gS26PdhlCmtaYrfMHzuG9iVPnuBwYQgpNrCAJg.

5. https://www.facebook.com/notaenota1/posts/pfbid0ig6ghtDeReAwsKNiSgS46aVh9XJRi3P6HV9FpxJYbToWzCsiK6unXbkG9uaRnyrwl.

6. https://www.facebook.com/vitwai.photography/posts/pfbid0vE5aiE7nS2mpQiLXE9WANZY3CHX3Yi71CANpypa9Mim6WUw58QqA4dMf2LEsD1uJl.

7. https://www.state.gov/fact-vs-fiction-russian-disinformation-on-ukraine/.

8. Informatsiine pole – tse vymir viiny. Ukraini varto aktyvnishe bytysia na tsomu poli boiu, – analityk ISW, Texty.org.ua, 18 July 2022, https://texty.org.ua/fragments/107269/informacijne-pole-ce-vymir-vijny-ukrayini-varto-aktyvnishe-bytysya-na-comu-poli-boyu-analityk-isw/.

9. Khunta, ptakhy z virusamy i Ukraina lenina: sprostovuiemo mify rosiiskoi propahandy, Khrystyiany dlia Ukrainy, b.d., https://c4u.org.ua/hunta-ptahy-z-virusamy-i-ukrayina-lenina-sprostovuyemo-mify-rosijskoyi-propagandy/.

10. Kitsa M., Feikova informatsiia v ukrainskykh sotsialnykh media: poniattia, vydy, vplyv na audytoriiu, “Naukovi zapysky. Ukrainska akademiia drukarstva. Socialna komunikacii” 2016, vol. 1, no. 52, pp. 281-287.

11. Klinger U., Svensson J., The emergence of network media logic in political communication: A theoretical approach, “New Media & Society” 2015, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1241-1257.

12. Komarova O., Vymknuly «kanaly Medvedchuka»: pershi poiasnennia ta reaktsii v sotsmerezhakh, Radio, 03 February 2021, https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/kanaly-medvedchuk-sankciy-zelenskiy-tv-112-zik-newsone-zaborona/31082909.html.

13. Lizanchuk V., Informatsiina bezpeka Ukrainy: teoriia i praktyka, Lviv 2017.

14. Miskyi V., Plutanyna, rozbrat, manipuliatsii. Yak dezinformatsiia vplyvaie na viinu v Ukraini ta na inshi rehiony, Detector media, 08 March 2023, https://detector.media/infospace/article/208708/2023-03-08-plutanyna-rozbrat-manipulyatsii-yak-dezinformatsiya-vplyvaie-na-viynu-v-ukraini-ta-na-inshi-regiony/.

15. Novomova: Yak Rosiia rozmyvaie realnist za dopomohoiu novomovy: «sylovi dii». #DisinfoChronicle. Kremlivska dezinformatsiia shchodo viiskovoho nastupu na Ukrainu, Detektor media, b.d., https://disinfo.detector.media/post/yak-rosiia-rozmyvaie-realnist-za-dopomohoiu-novomovy-sylovi-dii.

16. Pidopryhora I., Umovy ta chynnyky vplyvu na orhanizatsiiu informatsiino-propahandystskoho zabezpechennia viiskovo-morskykh syl zbroinykh syl ukrainy u 2014 rotsi, “Viiskovo-naukovyi visnyk” 2018, vol. 29, pp. 216-229, https://doi.org/10.33577/2313-5603.29.2018.216-229.

17. Pomerantsev P., Ukraina i pochatok «neliniinoi» viiny, “Krytyka” 2015, vol. 1-2, no. 207-208, pp. 14-23.

18. Propahanda yak komunikatyvna viina iz svoim vlasnym narodom, АUP, b.d., https://www.aup.com.ua/propaganda-yak-komunikativna-viyna-iz/.

19. Romaniuk A., Informatsiini vkydy rosiisko-ukrainskoi viiny, RTsSP, NotaIenota, 2022.

20. Rosiia poshyriuie ChYSLENNI «versii» pro pidryv Kakhovskoi HES, TSN, Video, YouTube, 07 June 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNqeQ6Nhkxs.

21. Rossyia. Pervyi kanal. Maryna Ovsiannykova. Net voine! (2022), Odesa Film Studio. Novosty Ukrayny, Video, YouTube, 14 March 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2aW2lkk1mg.

22. Shcho take IPSO, chomu vazhlyvo tse znaty i yaki operatsii zaraz provodyt Rosiia proty Ukrainy, Ukrainskyi tyzhden, b.d., https://tyzhden.ua/shcho-take-ipso-chomu-vazhlyvo-tse-znaty-i-iaki-operatsii-zaraz-provodyt-rosiia-proty-ukrainy/.

23. Shtohrin I., «Iaderna viina proty rozumu»: yak rosiiska dezinformatsiia i propahanda diie proty Ukrainy, NATO i Zakhodu?, Radio Svoboda, 15 July 2021, https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/protydiya-rosiysʹkiy-propahandi-dezinformatsiyi/31357962.html.

24. Slukhaite. Dumaite, Hromadske radio, b.d., https://hromadske.radio/podcasts/myslennia-bazova-funktsiia/1061895.

25. Spysok infoterorystiv v Telegram, Tsentr protydii dezinformatsii | Holovna storinka, b.d., https://cpd.gov.ua/warnin/czpd_povidomlyaye-pro-onovlenyj-pereli/.

26. Taktyky: Yak rosiiska propahanda zastosovuie taktyku «vidryvannia vid kontekstu». #DisinfoChronicle. Kremlivska dezinformatsiia shchodo viiskovoho nastupu na Ukrainu], Detektor media, b.d., https://disinfo.detector.media/post/yak-rosiiska-propahanda-zastosovuie-taktyku-vidryvannia-vid-kontekstu.

27. Tilky poslukhaite! SOLOVIOV vidreahuvav na PIDRYV Kakhovskoi HES, 24 Kanal, Video YouTube, 07 June 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55iypkfaykk.

28. Tsentr protydii dezinformatsii pry RNBO poiasniuie, shcho take «anonimnyi avtorytet», Telekanal I-UA.tv, b.d., https://i-ua.tv/news/47034-tsentr-protydii-dezinformatsii-pry-rnbo-poiasniuie-shcho-take-anonimnyi-avtorytet.

29. Voroh posyliuie informatsiinyi teroryzm, Tsentr protydii dezinformatsii | Holovna storinka, b.d., https://cpd.gov.ua/warnin/czpd_zasterigaye-vorog-aktyvuvav-sms-ro/.

30. Voroh robyt informatsiini vkydy pro nibyto plany atakuvaty Ukrainu z pivnochi, Informatsiine ahentstvo ArmiiaInform b.d., http://armyinform.com.ua/2022/11/26/vorog-robyt-informaczijni-vkydy-pro-niby-to-plany-atakuvaty-ukrayinu-z-pivnochi/.

31. Yak dlia rosiiskoi propahandy vykorystovuiut zakhidni ZMI – doslidzhennia. Radio Svoboda, Holos Ameryky, 07 September 2021, https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/rosija-propahanda-zahid-zmi/31447851.html.

32. Yak informatsiia zaminiuie nam mizky, AUP, b.d., https://www.aup.com.ua/yak-informaciya-zaminyuie-nam-mizki/.

33. Yak rosiiska propahanda vykorystovuie taktyku apeliuvannia do avtorytetu. #DisinfoChronicle. Kremlivska dezinformatsiia shchodo viiskovoho nastupu na Ukrainu, Detektor media, b.d., https://disinfo.detector.media/post/yak-rosiiska-propahanda-vykorystovuie-taktyku-apeliuvannia-do-avtorytetu.

34. Yak rozpiznaty feik: 5 praktychnykh krokiv, The Village Ukraina, b.d., https://www.the-village.com.ua/village/knowledge/mediahramotnist/338225-yak-rozpiznati-feyk-5-praktichnih-krokiv?fbclid=IwAR0hCBGBiT8vaUN6T-IFkpmUL0px46auzpa_44wkGhlJ7XcnQtTU0o3LV9U.

Article

War in Ukraine through the lens of interactive media: A typological study of video games

Views count: 131
The objective of the research was to assess video games related to the Russian-Ukrainian war and categorise them as media tools. The study revealed that computer games are a distinctive and practical medium for journalism. They help to dismantle the opposing side’s narratives and disseminate information globally about the situation in Ukraine. Video games can help Ukrainian society convey to the world the consequences of Russian aggression.
T. Zinovieva, War in Ukraine through the lens of interactive media: A typological study of video games, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 213-229, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.11

1. “Bytva za Ukrainu”, Video game. MaxDmax (dev), 2022, https://demo.devs.mx/ukraine/.

2. “Chornobaivka. Den babaka”, Video game. Team “39-40” (dev), May 2022, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.thirtynineeighty.chornobaivka.

3. “F**K PUTIN”, Video game. Tornado Games (dev), April 2022, https://store.steampowered.com/app/1926680/FUCK_PUTIN/.

4. “Farmers stealing tanks”, Video game. Pixelforest (dev), 2022, https://pixelforest.itch.io/farmers-stealing-tanks.

5. “Glory to the Heroes”, Video game. Spacedev Games (dev), 2023, https://glorytoheroes.spacedev.team/.

6. “Hroshi, metry, dva avta”, Video game. Data journalism. TEXTY.ORG.UA, 2016, https://texty.org.ua/d/static/decl_game/.

7. “Manipulator”, Video game. Institute of Mass Information. TEXTY.ORG.UA, 2018, https://texty.org.ua/d/manipulator-game/index.html.

8. “Power & revolution 2022 edition”, Video game. EverSim (dev), April 2022, http://www.power-and-revolution.com/news.php.

9. “Putin orcs defender”, Video game. Pacifism (dev), July 2022, https://store.steampowered.com/app/2005070/Putin_Orcs_Defender/.

10. “Putinist Slayer”. Video game, Bunker22 (dev), Aug 2022, http://pslayer.com/.

11. “Putler is dead”. Video game. MasterCodeCSharpGameStudio (dev), April 2023, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.Master_Code_C_Game_Studio.Putler_is_dead_2023.

12. “Putler stress relief game”, Video game, 2022, https://russkiy-korabily.idi-nahuy.click/.

13. “Rebuild Ukraine”, Video game, P. Izotov. PubRev+ (dev), March 2022, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.pubrevplus.rebuildukraine&hl=uk&gl=US.

14. “Richnyi zvit 2018”, Instytut masovoi informatsii (IMI). Ukraine, 2018, https://imi.org.ua/upload/media/2019/09/02/5d6ca90a20a94-zvit-imi-2018-2.pdf.

15. “Russian warship, go f**k yourself”, Video game. Teapots Martian (dev), 2022, https://martianteapots.itch.io/russian-warship-go-fck-yourself.

16. “SLAVA UKRAINI!”, Video game. Thor Gaming (dev), May 2022, https://store.steampowered.com/app/1974090/Slava_Ukraini/?.

17. “Social Media Tools”, Gartner Glossary. 17 November 2020, https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/social-media-tools.

18. “Sunflower Slap”, Video game. Native Games Studio (dev). Itch.io, April 2022, https://native-games-studio.itch.io/sunflowerslap.

19. “Ukraine defender”, Video game. Devrifter(dev), May 2022, https://store.steampowered.com/app/1973090/Ukraine_Defender/.

20. “Ukraine Defense Force Tactics”, Video game. Spacewalkers (dev), June 2022, https://store.steampowered.com/app/2005660/Ukraine_Defense_Force_Tactics/.

21. “Ukraine War Stories”, Video game. Starni Games: Ukrainian studio (dev), 2022, https://store.steampowered.com/app/1985510/Ukraine_War_Stories/.

22. “Ukrainian fArmy”, Video game, 2022, https://ukrainian.itch.io/ukrainian-farmy.

23. “Viina-2022: deviat naikrashchykh ihor dlia PK za motyvamy rosiiskoho vtorhnennia v Ukrainu”, Priamyi, 21 June 2022, https://prm.ua/viyna-2022-ta-videoihry-dlya-pk/.

24. “Workers & Resources: Soviet Republic – Help for Ukraine”, Video game. 3Division (dev). Steam, May 2022, https://store.steampowered.com/app/1948180/Workers__Resources_Soviet_Republic__Help_for_Ukraine/.

25. “Zavantazhuite zastosunok Povitriana tryvoha”, Ministerstvo tsyfrovoi transformatsii Ukrainy. Ajax Systems Inc (dev), 2022, https://www.ukrainealarm.com/.

26. “ZERO LOSSES”, Video game. Marevo Collective (dev), 2023, https://store.steampowered.com/app/1485920/Zero_Losses/.

27. “Іn Ukrainian Soil”, Video game. Bunker 22 (dev), 2023, https://store.steampowered.com/app/2317120/In_Ukrainian_Soil/.

28. Bakhtin M.M., Rabelais and his world, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1984.

29. Clement J. Number of video gamers worldwide in 2021, by region. Statista, October 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/293304/number-video-gamers/

30. Clement J., Video game market revenue worldwide 2017-2027. Statista, Juny 2023, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1344668/revenue-video-game-worldwide/.

31. Djaouti D., Alvarez J., Jessel P., Methel G., Molinier P., A gameplay definition through videogame classification. “International Journal of Computer Games Technology” 2008, pp. 1-6.

32. Donohue G.A., Tichenor P.J., Olien C.N., Mass media functions, knowledge and social control, “Journalism Quarterly” 1973, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 652-659.

33. Dovey J., Kennedy H.W., Game cultures: Computer games as new media, McGraw-Hill Education, UK, 2006.

34. Drozdova Ye., Kelm N., Bondarenko A., Upiznaisvoikh. Hra-trenazher: Chyi tse tank?!, Data journalism. TEXTY.ORG.UA, February 2022, https://texty.org.ua/projects/105597/upiznaj-svoyih-gra-trenazher-chij-ce-tank/.

35. Kelm N., Dukach Yu., Drozdova Ye., Tymoshenko M., Hohun M., Hubashov D., Hadzynska I., Rik povnomashtabnoi viiny: Yak zminiuvalys mezhi okupovanykh terytorii, Interaktyvnamapa, TEXTY.ORG.UA, Data journalism, 24 February 2023, https://texty.org.ua/projects/109018/rik-vijny/.

36. Mattern S., Deep time of media infrastructure, [in:] Signal traffic: Critical studies of media infrastructures, 2015, pp. 94-112.

37. Pomerantsev P., This is not propaganda: Adventures in the war against reality, Faber and Faber Limited, London, 2019.

38. Rada R., Interactive media, Springer Science & Business Media, New York, 2012.

39. Sharma A., Uniyal D., Development communication: Role of mass media and its approach, “Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research” 2016, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 906-913.

40. Susic P., “50+ gamer demographics facts in 2023, Headphones addict, 24 February 2023, http://surl.li/kdgfi.

41. Thorne S.L., Fischer I., Online gaming as sociable media, “Alsic. Apprentissage des Langues et Systèmes d’Information et de Communication” 2012, vol. 15, no. 1.

42. Trykisha O., Shist ihor pro viinu v Ukraini: riatui Chornobaivku ta zbyvai Putina z harmaty, Sohodni, 25 April 2022, https://tech.segodnya.ua/ua/tech/shest-igr-o-voyne-v-ukraine-spasay-chernobaevku-i-sbivay-putina-iz-pushki-1617201.html.

43. Walorska A.M., Deepfakes and disinformation, Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom, Potsdam, 2020.

44. Zinovieva T., Anekdot v sytuatsii postmodernu ta masovoi kultury, “Kultura i suchasnist: almanakh” 2008, vol. 1, pp. 63-69.

45. Zinovieva T., Anekdot yak suchasnyi mini karnaval, “Doxa” 2008, vol. 13, pp. 150-155.

Article

Ethical problems with coverage of the Russian-Ukrainian war in online media and social networks

Views count: 141
The purpose of our research was to analyse the influence of social networks on the perception of the war in Ukraine as well as on the course of the struggle in the information field. Today, social networks have become one of the main trendsetters, therefore, to effectively fight against disinformation and enemy information attacks, it is necessary to understand not only the specifics of their audience’s perception of information but also to be well-versed in the specifics of the content generated by social media. For this purpose, we used the comparative method, monitoring, and content analysis. In the article, we give examples of ethical dilemmas that Russia can use to its advantage in the war against Ukraine. For example, social media policies prohibit the posting of sensitive content. This does not allow telling the whole truth about the war, as a result of which not everyone understands the depth of the tragedy. Thanks to this, the world’s reaction to Russia’s criminal actions is not as harsh as it could be. Our research was an attempt not only to outline the problem but also to propose ways to solve it. It is clear that media and ethics are inseparable, but at the same time, it is necessary to understand that ethics cannot hide the truth. In future studies, it is worth investigating more deeply the ethical norms of the coverage of sensitive content, especially about war. Perhaps it would be worthwhile indicating the situations that allow departure from the general rules.
W przyszłych badaniach warto głębiej przyjrzeć się normom etycznym relacjonowania treści drażliwych, zwłaszcza o tematyce wojennej.
Y. Syvakivskyi, I. Krupskyi, Ethical problems with coverage of the Russian-Ukrainian war in online media and social networks, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 2, s. 231-247, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.2.12

1. Barnes J.A., Classand Committees in Norvegian Island Parish, “Human relations” 1954, no. 7, pp. 39-58.

2. Bodnar A., Social networks as a tool of formation internal and external branding of the territory, Donetsk National University, Political management, 2012, https://ipiend.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bodnar_sotsialni.pdf.

3. Code of ethics of a Ukrainian journalist, NSJU, https://cje.org.ua/ethics-codex/.

4. Draft Law on Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedural Codes of Ukraine to ensure counteraction to unauthorized dissemination of information on the sending, transfer of international military aid to Ukraine, the movement, transfer or placement of the Armed Forces of Ukraine or other military formations of Ukraine, committed during a state of war or state of emergency. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2160-ІХ, 24 March 2022.

5. Educational practices for infodemic prevention, USAID, Internews, Ukrainian Press Academy, https://nus.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/POSIBNYK_Osvitni-praktyky-iz-zapobigannya-infodemiyi2.pdf.

6. Ethical principles of a journalist’s work: Western experience, Institute of Mass Information, International Organization for the Protection of Freedom of Speech «Reporters Without Borders», 2002.

7. Facebook and Instagram can block you if you post about war. Why?, Radio Svoboda, 2 November 2022, https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/facebook-meta-instagram-blocking-ukraine-war-russia/32112013.html.

8. From which social networks do Ukrainians get information?, Poll, Ukrainian Pravda, 15 February 2022.

9. How Ukrainians have used social media to humiliate the Russians and rally the world, The Washington Post, 01 March 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/01/social-media-ukraine-russia/.

10. Journalism in Conflict: Best Practices and Recommendations: A Handbook of Recommendations for Media Workers, BAITE, Kyiv 2016.

11. Journalist in social networks. Recommendations for the media, IMI, 14 January 2020, https://imi.org.ua/advices/zhurnalist-u-sotsialnyh-merezhah-rekomendatsiyi-dlya-media-i31209.

12. Limitation of Ukrainian content in social networks: metamorphosis after Russian aggression, CEDEM, 15 June 2023, https://cedem.org.ua/analytics/obmezhennya-u-sotsmerezhah/.

13. Media and war: features of the dissemination of information and photos during marital state, Human Rights Platform, https://www.ppl.org.ua/zmi-i-vijna-osoblivosti-poshirennya-informaci%D1%97-ta-foto-pid-chas-voyennogo-stanu.html.

14. Media at War: Issues and Limitations, Ajai K. Rai, Strategic Analysis: A Monthly Journal of Media at War: Issues and Limitations, Ajai K. Rai, Strategic Analysis: A Monthly Journal of the Institute for defense studies and analysis (IDSA), December 2000, vol. 24, no.

15. Media consumption of Ukrainians in conditions of full-scale war, OPORA, 01 July 2022, https://www.oporaua.org/report/polit_ad/24068-mediaspozhivannia-ukrayintsiv-v-umovakh-povnomasshtabnoyi-viini-opituvannia-opori.html.

16. Mudzhuri Y., What social networks do Ukrainians use during the war: statistics, SPEKA, 05 August 2022, https://speka.media/yakimi-socmerezami-koristuyutsya-ukrayinci-pid-cas-viini-doslidzennya-p22nyp.

17. Online discourse in times of war: Analysing the social media conversation around Ukraine, Democracy reporting international, 09 January 2023, https://democracy-reporting.org/en/office/ukraine/publications/online-discourse-in-times-of-war-analysing-the-social-media-conversation-around-Ukraine.

18. Plekhanova T.M., Social networks as the newest platform for promotion of media content, https://cutt.ly/RwuwYi1U.

19. Professional journalism standards: information guide, IMI, 27 February 2020, https://imi.org.ua/advices/profesijni-zhurnalistski-standarty-normatyvna-dovidka-i31933.

20. Recommendations of the CJEU on the coverage of the death of people during the war, CJE, 04 May 2022, https://cje.org.ua/statements/rekomendatsii-kzhe-shchodo-vysvitlennia-zahybeli-liudey-pid-chas-viyny/?fbclid=IwAR2aoeGDo2MznTa2S9y4I6xgLO7m5XnbbJkvaJ82wmwMeInhbJxOSFtqr6U.

21. Recommendations of the Journalistic Ethics Commission on information that cannot be disclosed in the media during martial law, CJE, 17 March 2022, https://cje.org.ua/statements/rekomendatsii-komisii-z-zhurnalistskoi-etyky-shchodo-informatsii-iaku-ne-mozhna-rozgholoshuvaty-v-media-pid-chas-voiennoho-stanu/.

22. Rer light for ukrainian news. Why and how facebook limits local media peages – analytic report, Media development foundation, 2022, https://research.mediadevelopmentfoundation.org/fb-2022.html#intro.

23. Romaniuk A., The illusion of security: Telegram, Ukrainian Pravda, 29 July 2022, https://www.pravda.com.ua/columns/2022/07/29/7360729/.

24. Self-regulation of Ukrainian media during martial law in Ukraine. From work experience Committees on journalistic ethics: Analytical and reference collection / For general. L. Kuzmenko, L. Kush, M. Dvorovoy, O. Pogorelova (eds.), https://detector.media/community/article/201059/2022-07-16-fikser-rai-news-24-vyklav-u-sotsmerezhi-video-z-matiryu-zagybloi-u-vinnytsi-divchynky/.

25. Social networks: concepts, history of emergence, Zaporizhzhia Regional Universal Scientific Library, https://zounb.zp.ua/resourse/zaporizkyy-kray/zaporizhzhya-bibliotechne/fahova-osvita/socialni-merezhi-piv.

26. Statement of the CJEU regarding the release of a video of the execution of a Ukrainian prisoner of war, CJE, 13 March 2023, https://cje.org.ua/statements/zaiava-kzhe-shchodo-opryliudnennia-video-rozstrilu-ukrainskoho-viyskovopolonenoho/.

27. The company Meta explained why Facebook and Instagram block hashtags about Bucha and photos of the city, Ukrainian Pravda, 05 April 2022, https://cutt.ly/EwuwUvMX.

28. The MINISTRY of Defense was called to wait for the official confirmation of the identity of the shot Ukrainian military, IMI, 07 March 2023, https://imi.org.ua/news/u-minoborony-zaklykaly-dochekatysya-ofitsijnogo-pidtverdzhennya-osoby-rozstrilyanogo-ukrayinskogo-i51248.

29. The RAI News 24 fixer posted a video with the mother of the girl who died in Vinnytsia on social media, Detector Media, 16 May 2022, https://detector.media/community/article/201059/2022-07-16-fikser-rai-news-24-vyklav-u-sotsmerezhi-video-z-matiryu-zagybloi-u-vinnytsi-divchynky/.

30. Vosoughi S., Roy D., Aral S., The spread of true and false news online, “Science” 2018, vol. 359, no. 6380, https://www.science.org /doi/10.1126/science.aap9559.

31. What is hate speech and how to counter it, NV, 13 November 2021, https://nv.ua/ukr/spec/mova-vorozhnechi-shcho-ce-shcho-robiti-yakshcho-ti-jiji-zhertva-yak-karayetsya-50195594.html?utm_content=set_lang.