Instytut Europy Środkowej/Rocznik 22 (2024)/Zeszyt 1/Russia’s battle for remembrance. Memory laws in Vladimir Putin’s Russia exemplified by the Russo-Ukrainian war

Russia’s battle for remembrance. Memory laws in Vladimir Putin’s Russia exemplified by the Russo-Ukrainian war

Dagmara Moskwa

ORCID: Dagmara Moskwa: 0000-0002-6122-7474

Afiliacja: Polish Academy of Sciences

Strony: 105-121

Wydanie: Lublin 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2024.1.6

Sposób cytowania: D. Moskwa, Russia’s battle for remembrance. Memory laws in Vladimir Putin’s Russia exemplified by the Russo-Ukrainian war, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 22 (2024), z. 1, s. 105-121, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2024.1.6

Keywords: , , ,

Abstrakt: This paper focuses on memory laws in V. Putin’s Russia, emphasising the Russo-Ukrainian war (2014 – present). The aim was to interpret legal acts regulating the interpretation of the war in the context of V. Putin’s politics of history. Additionally, parallels between legal acts regulating the interpretation of World War II and the Russo-Ukrainian war were highlighted. The primary research method is qualitative content analysis (legal acts, exit polls, etc.), supplemented by comparative analysis. I assume that V. Putin’s Russia is a memory authoritarian regime that recreates the Soviet memory regime surrounding World War II and uses memory on a unique global scale.

Bibliografia:

  1. Address by President of Russia Vladimir Putin at the Victory Parade on Red Square, https://cameroun.mid.ru/en/press-centre/news/address_by_president_of_russia_vladimir_putin_at_the_victory_parade_on_red_square/ [1.07.2024].
  2. Chawryło K., The Kremlin’s crackdown on Western social networks, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2022-03-15/kremlins-crackdown-western-social-networks [4.07.2024].
  3. Escape from War: New data puts the number of Russians who have left at more than 800,000 people, https://re-russia.net/en/review/347/ [1.07.2024].
  4. Federal’nyj zakon O vnesenii izmenenij v stat’i 13.15 i 20.3.3 Kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii ob administrativnyh pravonarushenijah ot 18.03.2023 N 57-FZ (poslednjaja redakcija), https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_442342/ [11.07.2024].
  5. Federal’nyj zakon O vnesenii izmenenij v Ugolovnyj kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ot 18.03.2023 N 58-FZ (poslednjaja redakcija), https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_442341/ [11.07.2024].
  6. Federal’nyj zakon ot 4 marta 2022 g. N 31-FZ O vnesenii izmenenij v Kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ob administrativnyh pravonarushenijah (s izmenenijami i dopolnenijami)], https://base.garant.ru/403609304/ [1.07.2024].
  7. Federal’nyj zakon ot 4 marta 2022 g. N 32-FZ O vnesenii izmenenij v Ugolovnyj kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii i stat’i 31 i 151 Ugolovno-processual’nogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii https://base.garant.ru/403609306/ [1.07.2024].
  8. Federal’nyj zakon O vnesenii izmenenij v Kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ob administrativnyh pravonarushenijah ot 16.04.2022 N 103-FZ (poslednjaja redakcija), https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_414827/ [3.07.2024].
  9. Federal’nyj zakon ot 5 maja 2014 g. N 128-FZ O vnesenii izmenenij v otdel’nye zakonodatel’nye akty Rossijskoj Federacii, https://base.garant.ru/70648878/ [1.07.2024].
  10. Federal’nyj zakon O vnesenii izmenenij v stat’ju 6 Federal’nogo zakona, Ob uvekovechenii Pobedy sovetskogo naroda v Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojne 1941–1945 godov, stat’ju 20.3 Kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii ob administrativnyh pravonarushenijah ot 04.11.2014 N 332-fz (poslednjaja redakcija), https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_170486/ [1.07.2024].
  11. Federal’nyj zakon O dnjah voinskoj slavy i pamjatnyh datah Rossii ot 13.03.1995 N 32-FZ (poslednjaja redakcija)], https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5978/ [3.07.2024].
  12. How the Russian Government Silences Wartime Dissent, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/12/29/world/europe/russia-ukraine-war-censorship.html [3.07.2024].
  13. How the Russian Media Spread False Claims About Ukrainian Nazis, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/07/02/world/europe/ukraine-nazis-russia-media.html [12.07.2024].
  14. Jemigracionnye nastroenija i otnoshenie k uehavshim: mart 2024 goda, https://www.levada.ru/2024/04/11/emigratsionnye-nastroeniya-i-otnoshenie-k-uehavshim-mart-2024-goda/ [1.07.2024].
  15. Konflikt s Ukrainoj: ocenki Nojabrja 2023 goda, https://www.levada.ru/2023/12/08/konflikt-s-ukrainoj-otsenki-noyabrya-2023-goda/ [5.07.2024].
  16. Koposov N., Memory Laws, Memory Wars: The Politics of the Past in Europe and Russia, Cambridge 2017.
  17. Koposov N., Pamjat’ strogogo rezhima. Istorija i politika v Rossii, Моscow 2011.
  18. Koposow N., Ustawy memorialne w Rosji i na Ukrainie: krzyżujące się historie, “Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 2015, no. 13, vol. 2.
  19. Kubik J., Bernhard M., A theory of the politics of memory, [in:] M. Bernhard, J. Kubik (eds.), Twenty years after communism. The politics of memory and commemoration, Oxford–New York 2014.
  20. Langenbacher E., Changing Memory Regimes in Contemporary Germany?, “German Politics and Society” 2003, vol. 21, no. 2.
  21. Langenbacher E., Twenty-First Century Memory Regimes in Germany and Poland: An Analysis of Elite Discourses and Public Opinion, “German Politics and Society” 2008, vol. 26, no. 4.
  22. Laskowska K., Rehabilitation of nazism as a crime in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, “Ius Novum” 2023, no. 1, vol. 17.
  23. Legucka A., Russia’s Wartime Censorship and Propaganda, https://pism.pl/publications/russias-wartime-censorship-and-propaganda [4.07.2024].
  24. Moskwa D., “The Community is Everything, The Individual is Nothing”. The Second World War in Russian History Education, “Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society” 2021, no. 13(1).
  25. Moskwa D., MATKA OJCZYZNA WZYWA! Wielka wojna ojczyźniana w edukacji i polityce historycznej putinowskiej Rosji, Warsaw 2020.
  26. MVD ob”javilo v rozysk pisatelja Mihaila Zygarja, https://zona.media/news/2024/04/09/zygar [4.07.2024].
  27. Number of civilian casualties in Ukraine during Russia’s invasion verified by OHCHR from February 24, 2022 to February 15, 2024, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1293492/ukraine-war-casualties/ [8.07.2024].
  28. Obuhov A., Rossijskij sud zapretil rasskazyvat’ o sotrudnichestve sssr i nacistskoj Germanii, “Moskovskij komsomolec”, https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/07/01/rossiyskiy-sud-zapretil-rasskazyvat-o-sotrudnichestve-sssr-i-nacistskoy-germanii.html [2.07.2024].
  29. Odobrenie institutov, rejtingi partij i politikov, https://www.levada.ru/2022/03/30/odobrenie-institutov-rejtingi-partij-i-politikov/ [5.07.2024].
  30. Persecution of the anti-war movement report January 2024, https://en.ovdinfo.org/persecution-anti-war-movement-report-january-2024?_gl=1*96ajsb*_ga*NTA4ODg0NDQzLjE3MTYwOTk0OTA.*_ga_J7DH9NKJ0R*MTcxNjM4NzY3MS4zLjEuMTcxNjM4Nzc4Ni42MC4wLjA.#1 [1.07.2024].
  31. Projekt, https://www.proekt.media/ [8.07.2024].
  32. Protiv uvolennogo iz SPbGU istorika vozbudili delo o reabilitacii nacizma, https://ovd.info/express-news/2023/06/27/protiv-uvolennogo-iz-spbgu-istorika-vozbudili-delo-o-reabilitacii-nacizma [2.07.2024].
  33. Putin’s approval rating, https://www.levada.ru/en/ [4.07.2024].
  34. Putin has surpassed Khrushchev and Brezhnev in terms of the scale of repressions – over the past six years alone, he has persecuted at least 116 thousand people, https://www.proekt.media/en/article-en/repressions-in-russia/ [7.08.2024].
  35. Russia: Anti-terrorism legislation misused to punish activist Boris Kagarlitsky, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/russia-anti-terrorism-legislation-misused-to-punish-activist-boris-kagarlitsky/ [4.07.2024].
  36. Russia bans Facebook and Instagram under ‘extremism’ law, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/21/russia-bans-facebook-and-instagram-under-extremism-law [4.07.2024].
  37. Russia introduces liability for discrediting the Russian Armed Forces, https://pacsto.org/events/v-rossii-vvoditsya-otvetstvennost-za-diskreditatsiyu-vooruzhennyh [1.07.2024].
  38. Russia opens criminal case against Mikhail Zygar for “fake news” on Bucha, https://ipi.media/alerts/russia-opens-criminal-case-against-mikhail-zygar-for-fake-news-on-bucha/ [4.07.2024].
  39. Russia outlaws spreading ‘fake news’ about the Russian military with fines and prison, https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2022/russia-outlaws-spreading-fake-news-about-the-russian-military-with-fines-and-prison/ [4.07.2024].
  40. Stråth B., Poverty, Neutrality and Welfare: Three Key Concepts in the Modern Foundation Myth of Sweden, [in:] B. Stråth (ed.), Myth and Memory in the Construction of Community, Brussels 2000.
  41. Sud v Pskove otkazalsja rassmatrivat’ protokol o «diskreditacii» armii, sostavlennyj na pisatelja Mihaila Zygarja, https://zona.media/news/2024/03/28/zygar [4.07.2024].
  42. The Price of Defiance in Russia. Human Rights Veteran Faces New Trial for Criticism of Russia’s
  43. War Against Ukraine, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/05/price-defiance-russia [4.07.2024].
  44. Ugolovnyj kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ot 13.06.1996 N 63-FZ (red. ot 12.06.2024) (s izm. i dop., vstup. v silu s 06.07.2024), https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/1aa9268e7d3bd57bcbd46a3016641c5af64b9c87/ [11.07.2024].
  45. Ukraine war: Russian human rights campaigner Oleg Orlov sentenced to jail, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68413372 [4.07.2024].
  46. Ukraine war: Zelensky says 31,000 troops killed since Russia’s full-scale invasion, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68397525 [8.07.2024].
  47. Wierzbicki A., Russkij mir jako projekt restauracyjny imperium, [in:] S. Bieleń, A. Skrzypek (eds.), Rozważania imperiologiczne, Warsaw 2015.
  48. Weaponizing Russia’s Memory Law, https://verfassungsblog.de/weaponizing-russias-memory-law/ [2.07.2024].

Russia’s battle for remembrance. Memory laws in Vladimir Putin’s Russia exemplified by the Russo-Ukrainian war

PDF: Pobierz

Informacje z kraju i świata