The Balkans: European Integration, Politics and Security

Redakcja zeszytu: Konrad Pawłowski

ISSN: 1732-1395

e-ISSN: 2719-2911

Liczba stron: 192

Wydawca: Instytut Europy Środkowej

Wydanie: Lublin 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4

Artykuły

Artykuł

The Western Balkans on its path to the European Union

Liczba wyświetleń: 1410
EU membership has been a compelling goal for the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia), related to the bloc’s stability, economic prosperity and higher standard of living. Each of these countries pursues its own process of EU accession while being also a part of the regional initiatives under the auspices of the EU. This paper provides an overview of the EU accession process of the Western Balkan countries, focusing on their individual achievements and challenges, as well as common features and problems. Also, the content and prospects of regional integration of the Western Balkans through the Regional Economic Area (REA) programme, along with the role of the EU in supporting the regional perspective are discussed. The parallel Western Balkans engagement in both processes supports arguments for the prioritisation of the individual countries’ accession to the EU over Western Balkans regional integration, distinguishing also the challenges of both processes. The methodology for the elaboration of this paper includes methods of analysis and synthesis, based on extensive desk research of available materials.

Silvana Mojsovska, The Western Balkans on its path to the European Union, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 4, s. 9-24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.1

CEFTA Statistical Portal, Trade in goods, https://statistics.cefta.int/goods [15.10.2019].
Council of the European Union, Sofia Declaration, 17.05.2017, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/34776/sofia-declaration_en.pdf [02.12.2019].
Džankić J., Keil S., Kmezić M. (eds), The Europeisation of the Western Balkans: A Failure of EU Conditionality?, Cham 2019.
European Commission Press Release, EU-Western Balkans Summit Thessaloniki, 21.06.2003, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_PRES-03-163_en.htm [02.10.2019].
European Commission Press Release, Western Balkans: Regional Economic Area, 12.07.2017, https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-17-1967_en.htm [02.12.2019].
European Commission, A credible enlargement perspective for and enhanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans, 06.02.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/communication-credible-enlargement-perspective-western-balkans_en.pdf [24.11.2019].
European Commission, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2011-2012, 2011, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/key_documents/2011/package/strategy_paper_2011_en.pdf [24.11.2019].
European Commission, EU-Western Balkans Six Flagships Initiatives, May 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/sixflagship-initiatives-support-transformation-western-balkans_en.pdf [03.12.2019].
European Commission, Montenegro 2019 Report, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20190529-montenegro-report.pdf [02.12.2019].
European Commission, North Macedonia 2019 Report, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20190529-north-macedonia-report.pdf [02.12.2019].
European Commission, Serbia 2019 Report, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20190529-serbia-report.pdf [02.12.2019].
Medjak V. (ed.), Twelve Proposals for EU Enlargement from the Western Balkans, Belgrade 2018.
Mojsovska S., Effects of Stabilisation and Association Agreements and CEFTA 2006 on Republic of Macedonia, [in:] V. Medjak et al., Effects of Stabilisation and Association Agreements and CEFTA 2006 on WB6 European
Integration and Regional Cooperation: Achievements and ways forward, Belgrade 2018.
Mojsovska S., Политиката на ЕУ кон Западниот Балкан: несомнена поддршка и анемичен процес на евроинтеграции [Politikata na EU kon Zapadniot Balkan: nesomnena poddrška i anemičen proces na evrointegracii], „Respublica” 2017, http://respublica.edu.mk/blog/2017-03-22-11-09-24 [14.10.2019].
Regional Cooperation Council, Multi-annual Action Plan for a Regional Economic Area in the Western Balkans (MAP REA), https://www.rcc.int/priority_areas/39/multi-annual-action-plan-for-a-regional-economic-area-
in-the-western-balkans–map [04.10.2019].
Regional Cooperation Council, Regional Investment Reform Agenda for the Western Balkans Six, 11.05.2018, https://www.rcc.int/docs/410/regional-investment-reform-agenda-for-the-western-balkans-six [04.10.2019].
The Berlin Process. Information and Resource Centre, Berlin Process, https://berlinprocess.info/about/ [04.10.2019].

Artykuł

Small states’ marginality constellations and the challenges to the Europeanisation of the Western Balkans in the last decade

Liczba wyświetleń: 1558
By focusing on the Western Balkans, this paper asks two questions: first, how small states that are both EU members and candidates for membership understand their role within this normatively powered order and, second, what their roles and agency mean for the order they are socialised into via democratic norms. The notions of hierarchies and orders are conceptualised in this paper as processes of norm diffusion and understood within the socialisation of democratic norms, which, according to the literature, can be institutionalised, rejected, or modified locally. First, I argue that such measurements can help us understand how the EU’s practices shape the broader understanding of its actorness in normative and strategic terms toward the Western Balkans. Second, I scrutinise national strategies related to the processes of state-building, security, economy, and society to demonstrate how Serbia and Croatia present their agency as supporting and affirming of the prevalent conception of order in norm localisation, or being more critical of it in the process of localised norm contestation. Third, the effects of EU approaches that provide more tactical and technical views of Europeanisation, rather than (a strategic) full thrust on enlargement, are discussed in the conclusion by bringing the comparative insights together and parsing them by means of the shelter theory for small states.

M. Kovačević, Small states’ marginality constellations and the challenges to the European­isation of the Western Balkans in the last decade, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej”17 (2019), z. 4, s. 25-48, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.2.

Acharya A., How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism, „International Organi- zation” 2004, vol. 58, no. 2.

Bailes A.J.K., Thayer B.A., Thorhallsson B., Alliance theory and alliance ‘Shel- ter’: the complexities of small state alliance behaviour, „Third World The- matics: A TWQ Journal” 2016, vol. 1, no. 1.

Bailes A.J.K., Thorhallsson B., Instrumentalizing the European Union in Small State Strategies, „Journal of European Integration” 2013, vol. 35, no. 2. Bieber F., Tzifakis N., The Western Balkans as a Geopolitical Chessboard?

Myths, Realities and Policy Options, „BiEPAG Policy Brief”, June 2019, https://biepag.eu/the-western-balkans-as-a-geopolitical-chessboard- myths-realities-and-policy-options/ [25.08.2019].

Björkdahl A., Norm-maker and Norm-taker: Exploring the Normative Influ- ence of the EU in Macedonia, „European Foreign Affairs Review” 2005, vol. 10, no. 2.

Björkdahl A., Towards a reflexive study of norms, norm diffusion and iden- tity (re)construction: the transformative power of the EU in the Western Balkans, „Canterbury Law Review” 2012, vol. 18.

Börzel T., Grimm S., Building Good (Enough) Governance in Postconflict So- cieties & Areas of Limited Statehood: The European Union & the Western Balkans, „Daedalus, the Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sci- ences” 2018, vol. 147, no. 1.

Džankić J., Keil S., Kmezić M., Introduction: The Europeanisation of the West- ern Balkans, [in:] J. Džankić, S. Keil, M. Kmezić (eds), The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans: A Failure of the EU Conditionality?, Cham 2019.

Ejdus F., Kovačević M., Penetration, Overlay, Governmentality: The Evolving Role of NATO in Western Balkan Security Dynamics, „Journal of Inter- vention and Statebuilding” 2019, vol. 13, no. 5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.10 80/17502977.2019.1660032.

Emini D., Marku D., Rethinking security: Western Balkans as a security pro- vider, „SEE Think Net”, July 2018, https://idscs.org.mk/wp-content/up- loads/2018/07/Rethinking-security.pdf [09.08.2019].

Epstein Ch., Norms: Bourdieu’s nomos, or the structural power of norms, [in:] R. Adler-Nissen (ed.), Bourdieu in International Relations: Rethink- ing Key Concepts in International Relations, Abingdon 2012.

European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Euro- pean Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A credible enlargement perspective for an en- hanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/communication-credible-enlarge-ment-perspective-western-balkans_en.pdf [19.09.2019].

European Commission, EU-Western Balkans: Six Flagship Initiatives, May 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/six- flagship-initiatives-support-transformation-western-balkans_en.pdf [19.09.2019].

Eurostat 2019, Western Balkan countries-EU – international trade in goods statistics, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index. php/Western_Balkan_countries-EU_-_international_trade_in_goods_ statistics#Manufactured_goods_dominate_trade_with_Western_Balkan_ countries [19.09.2019].

Flockhart T. (ed.), Socializing Democratic Norms: The Role of International Organizations for the Construction of Europe, Houndmills – Basingstoke 2005.

Gillardi F., Transnational Diffusion: Norms, Ideas, and Policies, [in:] W. Carls- naes, T. Risse B. Simmons (eds), Handbook of International Relations, London 2013.

Grimm S., Democracy promotion in EU enlargement negotiations: more in- teraction, less hierarchy, „Democratization” 2019, vol. 26, no. 5.

Gron C.H., Wivel A., Maximizing Influence in the European Union after the Lisbon Treaty: From Small State Policy to Smart State Strategy, „Journal of European Integration” 2011, vol. 33, no. 5.

Koivisto M., Dunne T., Crisis, What Crisis? Liberal Order Building and World Order Conventions, „Millennium: Journal of International Studies” 2010, vol. 38, no. 3.

Kovačević M., Male države u svetu regiona i izazovi multipolarizacije međunarodnih odnosa na početku 21. veka, [in:] V. Knežević-Predić (ed.),Politički identitet Srbije u globalnom i regionalnom kontekstu, Beograd 2015.

Kovačević M., Serbia’s foreign policy beyond the Kosovo conundrum, Ital- ian Institute for International Political Studies, 16.05.2018, https://www. ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/serbias-foreign-policy-beyond-kosovo- conundrum-20509 [20.09.2019].

Kovačević M., Understanding the marginality constellations of small states: Serbia, Croatia, and the crisis of EU–Russia relations, „Journal of Con- temporary European Studies” 2019, vol. 27, no. 4, DOI: https://doi.org/1 0.1080/14782804.2019.1580564.

Lantis J., Theories of International Norm Contestation: Structure and Out- comes, [in:] W.R. Thompson (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Empirical International Relations Theory, Oxford 2018.

Mouritzen H., Wivel A. (eds), The Geopolitics of Euro-Atlantic Integration: Europe and the Nation State, London 2005.

Neumann I., Gstohl S., Introduction: Lilliputians in Gulliver’s World, [in:] Ch. Ingebritsen, I. Neumann, S. Gstohl, J. Beyer (eds), Small States in In- ternational Relations, Seattle 2006.

Rickli J.M., European small states’ military policies after the Cold War: from territorial to niche strategies, „Cambridge Review of International Af- fairs” 2008, vol. 21, no. 3.

SEESOX, The Western Balkans and the Berlin Process, „Southeast European Studies” at Oxford, workshop report, July 2018, https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/ sites/default/files/berlin_process_workshop_report_v2.pdf [09.08.2019].

Sedelmeier U., Europeanisation in New Member and Candidate States, „Liv- ing Reviews in European Governance” 2001, vol. 6, no. 1, http://eu- ropeangovernance.livingreviews.org/Articles/lreg-2011-1/download/ lreg-2011-1Color.pdf [08.06.2014].

Subotić J., Explaining Difficult States: The Problems of Europeanization in Serbia, „East European Politics and Societies” 2010, vol. 24, no. 4.

Šelo Šabić S., The Impact of the Refugee Crisis in the Balkans: A Drift Towards Security, „Journal of Regional Security” 2017, vol. 12, no. 1.

Tholens S., Gross L., Diffusion, contestation and localisation in post-war states: 20 years of Western Balkans reconstruction, „Journal of Interna- tional Relations and Development” 2015, vol. 18, no. 3.

Thorhallsson B., Wivel A., Small States in the European Union: What Do We Know and What Would We Like to Know?, „Cambridge Review of Inter- national Affairs” 2006, vol. 19, no. 4.

Vachudova M., EU Leverage and National Interests in the Balkans: The Puz- zles of Enlargement Ten Years On, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2014, vol. 52.

Zarakol A. (ed.), Hierarchies in World Politics, Cambridge 2017. Zhelyazkova A., Damjanovski I., Nechev Z., Schimmelfennig F., European Un- ion Conditionality in the Western Balkans: External Incentives and Euro- peanisation, [in:] J. Džankić, S. Keil, M. Kmezić (eds), The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans: A Failure of the EU Conditionality?, Cham 2019.

Artykuł

Dynamics of the Serbian EU accession process – key issues and the challenges of state democratisation in an era of populism

Liczba wyświetleń: 1643
The current Serbian authorities (aligned with the Serbian Progressive Party) have pushed Serbia towards effective reforms over the past several years and improved its image on the international arena through an intensified diplomatic offensive after 2015. This has led to a situation in which the Serbian state became a political and economic partner in both regional and integration projects. The latter is demonstrated by the arduous but progressive accession process to the European Union. After 2000, international and Serbian public opinion greeting the end of the regime of Slobodan Milošević expected rapid democratisation of the state based on statements by Serbian politicians who had declared a West European course of the state. The short-lived rule of Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić, confirmed this; however, the policy of his successors was no longer so unambiguous. For almost a decade, Serbia oscillated between populism and declared democratisation, without making major changes, expected by both society and the European Union. When after the year 2012 the Serbian Progressive Party came to power (the party was founded as a conservative grouping and had radical roots), it seemed that the Serbian state would be pushed towards a more conservative, anti-European and nationalist direction. However, that did not happen. Opinion about the last six years of the group’s rule is varied. This paper aims to try to answer the question whether during the party’s rule, Serbia has been democratising and whether in this era of nationalist movements and populism, the country has a chance at real democratisation and finishing the process of accession to the EU?

M. Korzeniewska-Wiszniewska, Dynamics of the Serbian EU accession process - key issues and the challenges of state democratisation in an era of populism, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środko-wo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 4, s. 49-77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.3.

Council of the European Union, Fourth meeting of the Stabilisation and As- sociation Council between the European Union and Serbia, 16.11.2017, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/pl/press/ press-releases/2017/11/16/ fourth-meeting-of-the-stabilisation-and-association-council-between- the-european-union-and-serbia/ [13.10.2019].

Čongradin S., Anasonović: Pauza za Uskrs nije opcija, Danas, 26.04.2019, https://www.danas.rs/politika/anasonovic-pauza-za-uskrs-nije-opcija/ [10.06.2019].

Данас Запад подржава Вучића ѕбог Косова, у Савез за Србију немају поверења [Danas Zapad podržava Vučića zbog Kosova, u Savez za Sr- biju nemaju poverenja], Nova srpska politička misao, 05.03.2019, http:// www.nspm.rs/hronika/danas-zapad-podrzava-vucica-zbog-kosova-u- savez-za-srbiju-nemaju-povorenja.html [14.10.2019].

Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Serbia, Ključni zaključci izveštaja o Srbiji za 2019. godinu, 29.05.2019, http://europa.rs/kljucni-zak- ljucci-izvestaja-o-srbiji-za-2019-godinu/ [15.10.2019].

Леонид Савин: Путин нема велико поверење у Вучића, у српским медијима се ствара погрешна слика о њиховом односу [Leonid Savin: Putin nema veliko poverenje u Vučića, u srpskim medijima se stvara pogrešna slika o njihovom odnosu], Nova srpska politička misao, 29.08.2018, http://www. nspm.rs/hronika/leonid-savin-putin-nema-veliko-poverenje-u-vucica-u-srpskim-medijima-se- stvara-pogresna-slika-o-njihovom-odnosu.html?alphabet=c#yvComment202264 [13.11.2019].

European Commission, Serbia 2019 Report, Brussels, 29.05.2019, https:// ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/20190529-ser- bia-report.pdf [15.10.2019].

European Council, Council of the European Union, Tenth meeting of the Ac- cession Conference with Serbia at Ministerial level, Brussels, 27 June 2019, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/pl/press/press-releases/2019/06/27/ tenth-meeting-of-the-accession-conference-with-serbia-at-ministerial- level-brussels-27-june-2019/ [13.10.2019].

Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2018, https://freedomhouse.org/re- port/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018 [13.10.2019].

Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2019, https://freedomhouse.org/re- port/freedom-world/2019/serbia [13.10.2019].

Fule: Ne tražimo od Srbije da prizna Kosovo, Klix, 23.10.2014, https:// www.klix.ba/vijesti/regija/fule-ne-trazimo-od-srbije-da-prizna-koso- vo/141023173 [07.10.2019].

Gashi S., Novaković I., Od tehničkih sporazuma do sveobuhvatne normali- zacije. Odnosi između Beograda i Prištine, Beograd 2017, http://library. fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/belgrad/13821.pdf [08.10.2019].

Gligorov V., Brojevi, Peščanik, 01.05.2019, https://pescanik.net/brojevi/ [14.10.2019].

Karabeg O., Da li će Vučić vladati Srbojom dokle bude hteo, Radio Slobodna Evropa, 06.08.2017, https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/da-li-ce-vudic- vladati-srbijom-dokle-bude-hteo/28660615.html [13.10.2019].

Konferencija o pristupanju Evropsku Uniju, Приступни документ. Заједничка позиција Европске Уније. Поглавље 35 остала питања[Pristupni dokument. Zajednička pozicija Evropske Unije. Poglavlje 35 ostala pitanja], Brisel 2015, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/ pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/pg35_zajednicka_pozicija_ eu.pdf [13.10.2019].

Korzeniewska-Wiszniewska M., Charakter współczesnych relacji serbsko- -rosyjskich, [w:] I. Stawowy-Kawka (ed.), Międzycywilizacyjny dialog w świecie słowiańskim w XX i XXI wieku. Historia – religia – kultura – polityka, Kraków 2012.

Korzeniewska-Wiszniewska M., Serbia pod rządami Slobodana Miloševicia. Serbska polityka wobec rozpadu Jugosławii w latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX w., Kraków 2008.

Kosovo Progress Essential, Fule Tells Serbia, Balkan Insight, 16.02.2012, https://balkaninsight.com/2012/02/16/progress-in-kosovo-dispute-re- mains-condition/ [07.10.2019].

Kosovski Demokratski Institut, Dijalog Kosovo-Srbija: izazovi i dalji koraci, March 2018, http://kdi-kosova.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/18-Sfi- dat-SRB-04.pdf [08.10.2019].

Леонид Савин: Путин нема велико поверење у Вучића, у српским медијима се ствара погрешна слика о њиховом односу [Leonid Savin: Putin nema veliko poverenje u Vučića, u srpskim medijima se stvara pogrešna slika o njihovom odnosu], Nova srpska politička misao, 29.08.2018, http://www. nspm.rs/hronika/leonid-savin-putin-nema-veliko-poverenje-u-vuci- ca-u-srpskim-medijima-se-stvara-pogresna-slika-o-njihovom-odnosu. html?alphabet=c#yvComment202264 [13.11.2019].

Ministarstvo spoljnih poslova Republike Srbije, Regionalne inicijative, http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/spoljna-politika/eu/regionalna- saradnja?lang=lat [20.09.2019].

Ministarstvo za evropske integracije Republike Srbije, Хронолошки преглед односа Републике Србије и Европске Уније од 2005. године до отваранја приступних преговора [Hronološki pregled odnosa Republike Srbije i Ev- ropske Unije od 2005. godine do otvaranja pristupnih pregovora], http:// kurs-pregovori.mei.gov.rs/?page=uvod [14.10.2019].

Ministarstvo za evropske integracije Repulike Srbije, Istorijat odnosa Srbije i EU, http://www.mei.gov.rs/srl/srbija-i-eu/istorijat-odnosa-srbije-i-eu/ [09.10.2019].

Ministarstvo za evropske integracije Republike Srbije, Споразум о стаби- лизацији и придруживању између Европских заједница и њихових држава чланица, са једне стране, и Републике Србије, са друге стра- не [Sporazum o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju između Evropskih zajednica i njihovih država članica, sa jedne strane, i Republike Srbije, sa druge strane], http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/sporazumi_sa_eu/ssp_ prevod_sa_anexima.pdf [09.10.2019].

Pešić V., Slobodna volja za miting, moć za kontramiting, Peščanik, 23.04.2019, https://pescanik.net/slobodna-volja-za-miting-moc-za-kontramiting/ [14.10.2019].

Popović V., Srbiji solidna trojka za ostvarivanje poglavlja 23 i 24, VOA, 20.12.2018, https://www.glasamerike.net/a/srbiji-solidna-trojka-za-ost- varivanje-poglavlja-23-i-24/4709631.html [14.10.2019].

Samardžić M., Šetnje nisu dovoljne – organizacija i program kao Arhime- dova tačka i/ili Ahilova peta, Nova srpska politička misao, 14.01.2019, http://www.nspm.rs/kuda-ide-srbija/setnje-nisu-dovoljne-organizacija- i-program-kao-arhimedova-tacka-i/ili-ahilova-peta.html?alphabet= l#yvComment209241 [10.06.2019].

Srpska napredna stranka, I’m obsessed with Kosovo, 15.05.2018, https://www. sns.org.rs/en/novosti/vesti/vucic-im-obsessed-kosovo [11.10.2019].

Stojanović M., Zapad podržava Vučicia zbog kosovskog pitanja, Danas, 05.03.2019, https://www.danas.rs/politika/zapad-podrzava-vucica-zbog- kosovskog-pitanja/ [09.06.2019].

U Beogradu osnovano Udruženje “1 od 5 miliona”, Danas, 27.02.2019, https:// www.danas.rs/politika/osnovano-udruzenje-1-od-5-miliona/ [10.06.2019]. Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије ѕа међународну конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској Унији за проговорачко поглавље 5 – јавне набавке [Pregovaračka poz- icija Republike Srbije za međunarodnu konferenciju o pristupanju Repub- like Srbije Evropskoj Uniji za progovoračko poglavlje 5 – javne nabavke], Beograd 2016, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/pg_pozicija_pg_5.pdf [13.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Преговарачко поглавље 6 – „Право привредних друштава” [Pregovaračka pozicija Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za Pregovaračko poglavlje 6 – „Pravo privrednih društava”], Beograd 2017, http://www.mei.gov.rs/ upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/pregovaracka_pozicija_rs_pg_6.pdf [13.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за поглавље 7 Право интелектуалне својине [Pregovaračka po- zicija Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Re- publike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za poglavlje 7 Pravo intelektualne svojine], Beograd 2017, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pre- govori/pregovaracke_pozicije/Republika_Srbija_Pregovaracko_poglav- lje_7_srpska_verzija.pdf [13.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Поглавље 9 „Финансијске услуге” [Pregovaračka pozicija Re- publike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za Poglavlje 9 „Finansijske usluge”], Beograd 2018, http:// www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_ pozicije/pregovaracka_pozicija_PG_9.pdf [14.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачкa позицијa Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Преговарачко поглавље 13 – Рибарство [Pregovaračka pozici- ja Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za Pregovaračko poglavlje 13 – Ribarstvo], Beograd 2017, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/ pregovaracke_pozicije/pg_pozicija_13.pdf [14.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Поглавље 17 „Економска и монетарна политика” [Pregovaračka pozicija Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za Poglavlje 17 „Ekonom- ska i monetarna politika”], Beograd 2018, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/ documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/pozicija_pg_17. pdf [14.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Поглавље 18 „Статистика” [Pregovaračka pozicija Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evrop- skoj uniji za Poglavlje 18 „Statistika”], Beograd 2018, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/pozicija_pg_17.pdf [14.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Поглавље 20 „Предузетништво и индустријска политика” [Pregovaračka pozicija Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za Poglavlje 20 „Preduzetništvo i industrijska politika”], Beograd 2017, http://www.mei. gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/ pregovaracka_pozicija_srbije_poglavlje_20.pdf [13.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије у оквиру Међувладине конференције о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Поглавље 23. „Правосуђе и основна права” [Pregovaračka po- zicija Republike Srbije u okviru Međuvladine konferencije o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za Poglavlje 23. „Pravosuđe i osnovna pra- va”], Beograd 2016, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_ pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/pg_23_pregovaracka_pozicija_srbije. pdf [13.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиције Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Поглавље 25 „Наука и истраживање” [Pregovaračka pozicije Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Sr- bije Evropskoj uniji za Poglavlje 25 „Nauka i istraživanje”], Beograd 2016, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/prego- varacke_pozicije/pg_poglavlje_pg_25.pdf [13.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Поглавље 26 „Образовање и култура” [Pregovaračka pozicija Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za Poglavlje 26 „Obrazovanje i kultura”], Beograd 2016, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pre- govaracke_pozicije/pregovaracka_pozicija_srbije_pg_26.pdf [13.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за поглавље 29 „Царинска унија” [Pregovaračka pozicija Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evrop- skoj uniji za poglavlje 29 „Carinska unija”], Beograd 2017, http://www.mei. gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/ Pregovaracka_pozicija_29_srpski_tekst_19062017_locked.pdf [13.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Преговарачко поглавље 30 – Економски односи са иностранством [Pregovaračka pozicija Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za Pregovaračko poglavlje 30 – Ekonomski odnosi sa inostranstvom], Beograd 2017, http://www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/pregovaracka_pozicija_rs_pg_30.pdf [14.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за поглавље 32 Финансијски надзор [Pregovaračka pozicija Re- publike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za poglavlje 32 Finansijski nadzor], Beograd 2014, http:// www.mei.gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/pg32_pregovaracka_pozicija_srb.pdf [13.10.2019].

Vlada Republike Srbije, Преговарачка позиција Републике Србије за Међувладину конференцију о приступању Републике Србије Европској унији за Преговарачко поглавље 33 – Финансијска и буџетска питања [Pregovaračka pozicija Republike Srbije za Međuvladinu konferenciju o pristupanju Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji za Pregovaračko poglav- lje 33 – Finansijska i budžetska pitanja], Beograd 2017, http://www.mei. gov.rs/upload/documents/pristupni_pregovori/pregovaracke_pozicije/pg_pozicija_33.pdf [14.10.2019].

Vučković Z., Transformacje systemu społeczno-politycznego w Serbii po 2000 r., Kraków 2014 [Doctorate not published. Access courtesy of the author].

Artykuł

The Southern Gas Corridor infrastructure project – implications for the energy security of the European Union

Liczba wyświetleń: 1323
Nowadays, energy security is a growing concern in state foreign policy. Interdependency in the energy field is a very important dimension of contemporary relations between states and transnational corporations. Energy security is becoming a key issue for the European Union (EU). The Union is one of the world’s fastest-growing energy markets and the biggest importer of energy resources. For the foreseeable future, Europe’s energy dependence will probably increase. Facing a shortage of energy, Europe is dependent on imports and the EU member states need to diversify their energy supplies. The Caspian region contains some of the largest undeveloped oil and gas reserves in the world. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly independent Caspian states became open to foreign investment. The growing energy needs have given the EU a strong interest in developing ties with energy-producing states in the Caspian region to build the necessary pipeline infrastructure. In this analysis, the pipeline infrastructure that exists or will be built in the near future will be presented. The analysis will concentrate on routes transporting gas from the Caspian region and the most important problems and solutions in designing the midstream energy system in the region. The key aim of the article is to analyse the Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) infrastructure project, which will inevitably contribute to the EU’s energy security interest.
J. Misiągiewicz, The Southern Gas Corridor infrastructure project – implications for the energy security of the European Union, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 4, s. 79-99, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.4.

Abdullajew: Pierwszy gaz z Azerbejdżanu dotrze do Europy w 2019 roku, Bi- znes Alert, 09.12.2013, http://biznesalert.pl/abdullajew-pierwszy- gaz-z- -azerbejdzanu-dotrze-do-europy-w-2019-roku/ [12.12.2018].

Bahgat G., Energy Security: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Chichester 2011. Bojanowicz R., Południowy Korytarz Gazowy z dofinansowaniem EBOR, Bi- znes Alert, 06.07.2018, http://biznesalert.pl/poludniowy-korytarz-gazowy-z-dofinansowaniem-ebor/ [01.01.2019].

Bojanowicz R., TANAP ruszy w 2019 roku, Biznes Alert, 13.08.2018, http://biznesalert.pl/tanap-ruszy-w-2019-roku/ [01.01.2019].

BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018, https://www.bp.com [13.09.2018]. Chałupczak H., Pietraś M., Misiągiewicz J. (eds), Europa Środkowo-Wschodnia w procesie transformacji i integracji. Wymiar bezpieczeństwa, Zamość 2016.

Chufrin G.I., The security of the Caspian Sea Region, Oxford 2001.

European Commission, Communication from the commission to the European Parliament and the Council, European Energy Security Strategy COM (2014) 330 final, Brussels, 28.05.2014.

European Commission, EU Energy in Figures, Statistical Pocketbook 2016, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/pocketbook_energy-2016_web-final_final.pdf [12.02.2018].

European Commission, Gas and oil supply routes, https://ec.europa.eu/ energy/en/topics/imports-andsecure-supplies/gas-and-oil-supply-routes [02.02.2019].

Gelb B.A., Caspian Oil and Gas: Production & Prospects, „CRS Report for Congress”, 09.04.2002.

Georgescu S., Munteanu M., Garayev T., Positions of the states involved In energy Project in the South Caucasus, „Constanca Maritime University Annals” 2013, no. 18.

GobleP.,NabuccoAfterBudapest:OldProblems,NewChallengesandaChan- ged Role for Azerbaijan, „Azerbaijan in the World” 2009, vol. 3.

Gryz J., Podraza A., Ruszel M., (eds), Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne. Koncep- cje, wyzwania, interesy, Warszawa 2018.

Inauguracja Gazociągu Transanatolijskiego, Biznes Alert, 13.06.2018, http:// biznesalert.pl/gazociag-transanatolijski-tanap-inauguracja/ [01.01.2019]. Jarosiewicz A., Komisja Europejska będzie reprezentować UE w negocja- cjach gazowych między Turkmenistanem i Azerbejdżanem, Analizy OSW, 14.09.2011, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2011-09-14/ komisja-europejska-bedzie-reprezentowac-ue-w-negocjacjach-gazowych [10.02.2019].

Jarosiewicz A., Południowy Korytarz Gazowy Azerbejdżanu i Turcji, Komentarze OSW, 18.07.2012, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/komenta- rze-osw/2012-07-18/poludniowy-korytarz-gazowy-azerbejdzanu-i-turcji [11.01.2019].

Jarosiewicz A., Południowy Korytarz Gazowy. Azersko-turecki projekt w roz- grywce Rosji i UE, „Punkt Widzenia” 2015, no. 53.

Jarosiewicz A., Start zmodyfikowanego Południowego Korytarza Gazowego, Analizy OSW, 24.09.2014, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/anali- zy/2014-09-24/start-zmodyfikowanego-poludniowego-korytarza-gazo- wego [12.01.2019].

Jarosiewicz A., Więcej Turcji, mniej Zachodu w Południowym Korytarzu, Analizy OSW, 04.06.2014, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/ana- lizy/2014-06-04/wiecej-turcji-mniej-zachodu-w-poludniowym-koryta- rzu [11.01.2019].

Kublik A., Kaspijski gaz u granic Europy. Nadchodzi konkurencja dla Gazpro- mu, Gazeta Wyborcza, 13.06.2018, http://wyborcza.pl/7,155287,23531503, kaspijski-gaz-u-granic-europy-nadchodzi-konkurencja-dla-gazpromu. html, June 13, 2018 [01.01.2019].

Misiągiewicz J., Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Unii Europejskiej. Implikacje nowych projektów infrastruktury gazociągowej w Europie, Lublin 2019.

Misiągiewicz J., Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne współczesnych państw Europy Wschodniej, [in:] H. Chałupczak, M. Pietraś, J. Misiągiewicz (eds), Euro- pa Środkowo-Wschodnia w procesie transformacji i integracji. Wymiar bezpieczeństwa, Zamość 2016.

Misiągiewicz J., Boundaries and energy security under dispute in the Caspian region, [in:] A. Moraczewska, W. Janicki (eds), Border Conflicts in the Con- temporary World, Lublin 2014.

Misiągiewicz J., Działania Turcji wobec państw Azji Centralnej. Implikacje dla Unii Europejskiej, [in:] A. Szymański (ed.), Turcja i Europa – wyzwa- nia i szanse, Warszawa 2011.

Misiągiewicz J., Strategia bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Unii Europejskiej, [in:] J. Gryz, A. Podraza, M. Ruszel (eds), Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne. Koncepcje, wyzwania, interesy, Warszawa 2018.

Perzyński M., TANAP oficjalnie otwarty w Baku, Biznes Alert, 29.05.2018, http://biznesalert.pl/poludniowy-korytarz-gazowy-oficjalnie-otwarty- -w-baku/[12.12.2018].

Pietraś M., Misiągiewicz J. (eds), Energy security in the contemporary inter- national relations. Challenges, threats, perspectives, Lublin 2017.

Podpisanie umowy międzyrządowej w sprawie Nabucco, „Best OSW” 2009, no. 25.

Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkey’s Energy Strategy, http:// www.mfa.gov.tr/data/DISPOLITIKA/EnerjiPolitikasi/Turkey%27s%20 Energy%20Strategy%20%28Ocak%202009%29.pdf [12.12.2014].

Sikorski T., Perspektywy realizacji gazociągu transkaspijskiego, „Biuletyn PISM” 2011, no. 50.

South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP), Georgia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Hydrocarbons Technology, http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/south- -caucasus-pipeline-scp-georgia-turkey-azerbaijan/ [03.04.2014].

Southern gas corridor on time, BP executive says, Euractiv, 12.05.2016, https:// www.euractiv.com/section/energy/news/thurs-southern-gas-corridor- -on-time-bp-executive-says/ [12.12.2018].

Stern J., Security of European gas supplies, London 2002.

Szymański A. (ed.), Turcja i Europa – wyzwania i szanse, Warszawa 2011. Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), Italy, Greece, Hydrocarbons Technology, http:// www.hydrocarbons technology.com/projects/trans-adriatic-pipeline–italy-greece/ [12.12.2017].

Trans Adriatic Pipeline, Southern Gas Corridor, https://www.tap-ag.com/the-pipeline/the-big-picture/southern-gas-corridor [12.01.2019].

Wood S., Europe’s Energy Politics, „Journal of Contemporary European Studies” 2010, vol. 18, no. 3.

Artykuł

The geopolitical dimensions of the TurkStream pipeline

Liczba wyświetleń: 1429
The empirical goal of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the geopolitical dimensions of the TurkStream pipeline, with special consideration given to its determinants as well as a diagnosis of the geopolitical implications of its geographical extent. To explore this problem, the following hypotheses are offered. First, the inauguration of the second branch of the TurkStream pipeline in the beginning of 2020 will strengthen the monopolistic position of Russia as a supplier of natural gas to the countries of the European Union. This will increase the dependency of the EU on Russia and severely hamper its ability to formulate a unified, cohesive energy policy. Second, two factors that underlie the geopolitical importance of the TurkStream pipeline are Turkey’s and Southern Europe’s natural gas needs on the one hand and the political and economic interests of Russia, Turkey, and Ukraine on the other. Third, the TurkStream project should be seen as an instrument that serves to build a tactical partnership between Turkey and Russia – a partnership underpinned by the strategic interests of both countries in the Middle East. Fourth and finally, Russia’s gradual withdrawal from directing its natural gas through Ukraine will generate serious economic problems and potential energy shortages in that country. In the long term, this pressure is geared toward forcing Ukraine to re-evaluate the pro-Western trajectory of its foreign policy.

K. Smoleń, The geopolitical dimensions of the TurkStream pipeline, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 4, s. 101-121, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.5.

Bartosik M., Ziemia w pułapce energetycznej, „Biuletyn Techniczno-Infor- macyjny” 2010, no. 2.

BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2018, https://www.bp.com/con- tent/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/ statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf [14.09.2019].

Borkowski M., Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne w odniesieniu do Republiki Buł- garii, „TEKA Komisji Politologii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych” 2014, no. 9.

Commission of the European Communities, Green Paper. A Europe- an Staretegy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, March 2006 (COM2006) 105 final, http://europa.eu/documents/comm/green_ papers/pdf/com2006_105_en.pdf [02.11.2012].

Commission of the European Communities, Green Paper. Towards a Euro- pean Strategy for the Security of Supply, November 2000 (COM2000) 769 final, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CEL EX:52000DC0769:EN:HTML [02.11.2012].

Commission of the European Communities, Second Strategic Energy Re- view. An EU Energy Solidarity and Security Action Plan, November 2008, COM (2008) 781 final, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do?uri=COM:2008:0781:FIN:EN:PDF [02.11.2012].

Ćurčić B., Serbian gas sector in 2010, 21th Session of UNECE Working Party on Gas, Geneva, 18-19 January 2011.

Dąborowski T., Bułgaria: tańszy gaz z Rosji w zamian za zgodę na South Stream, Analizy OSW, 21.11.2012, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/ analizy/2012-11-21/bulgaria-tanszy-gaz-z-rosji-w-zamian-za-zgode-na- -south-stream [15.09.2019].

Hebda W., Strategia energetyczna Republiki Serbii do 2015 roku, „Energetyka” 2012, no. 9, International Energy Outlook, EIA 2006.

Jakóbik W., Jakóbik: Turkish Stream 2, czyli pomysł Gazpromu na bezkróle- wie w Europie (Analiza), Biznes Alert, 14.03.2019, http://biznesalert.pl/ turkish-stream-2-analiza/ [17.09.2019].

Kardaś S., Rosyjski sukces gazociągowy: zakończenie budowy morskiej części TurkStreamu, Analizy OSW, 23.11.2018, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/pub- likacje/analizy/2018-11-23/rosyjski-sukces-gazociagowy-zakonczenie-bu- dowy-morskiej-czesci [16.09.2019].

Kędzierski M., Kędzierski: Czy polityka energetyczna Orbána to rozczarowa- nie?, CIRE.PL, Centrum Informacji o Rynku Energii, 21.03.2014, https:// www.cire.pl/item,90908,13,0,0,0,0,0,kedzierski-czy-polityka-energetycz- na-orbna-to-rozczarowanie.html [15.09.2019].

Langsdorf S., EU Energy Policy: From the ECSC to the Energy Roadmap 2050, Energy Roadmap 2050 – A History of EU Energy Policy, Green European Foundation, December 2011.

Lesser O., Changes on the Turkish Dimestic Scene and Their Foreign Policy Im- plications, [in:] Z. Khalilzad, I.O. Lesser, F.S. Larrabee (eds), The Future of Turkish-Western Relations: Toward A Strategic Plan, Santa Monica 2000.

Liuhto K., Energy in Russia’s Foreign Policy, „Publications of Pan-European Institute” 2010, no. 10.

Makhnonos M., Ukraine and Russia. Gas consortium: National deputies of opposition protest deal, „The Ukrainian Weekly” 2002, vol. 70, no. 41.

Misiągiewicz J., Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Unii Europejskiej. Implikacje nowych projektów infrastruktury gazociągowej w Europie, Lublin 2019.

Młynarski T., Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne w pierwszej dekadzie XXI wieku. Mozaika interesów i geostrategii, Kraków 2011.

Młynarski T., Unijno-rosyjskie „gry gazowe”. Unia Europejska – Rosja: energetyczna współzależność czy nowa „wielka gra”?, „Gentes&Nationes” 2010, vol. 1.

Mohan C.R., Geo-politics and energy security, „Strategic Analysis” 1996, vol. 19, no. 9

PAP, Eksperci o Turkish Stream: To tworzenie infrastruktury, która będzie wzmacniać monopolistyczną pozycję Rosji, dziennik.pl, 28.07.2016, https:// wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/opinie/artykuly/527411,eksperci-o-turkish-st- ream-to-tworzenie-infrastruktury-ktora-bedzie-wzmacniac-monopoli- styczna-pozycje-rosji.html [16.09.2019].

PAP, Rosja ma nową doktrynę bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju, Biznes Alert, 14.05.2019, http://biznesalert.pl/rosja-doktryna-bezpieczenstwa- -energetycznego/ [14.09.2019].

Pietraś M., Autonomiczność bezpieczeństwa energetycznego w stosunkach międzynarodowych, [in:] M. Pietraś, J. Misiągiewicz (eds), Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne we współczesnych stosunkach międzynarodowych. Wyzwa- nia, zagrożenia, perspektywy, Lublin 2017.

Potulski J., Surowce energetyczne i linie przesyłowe jako przedmiot geopoli- tyki Morza Kaspijskiego, [in:] B. Bojarczyk, T. Kapuśniak (eds), Region czarnomorsko-kaspijski w stosunkach międzynarodowych, Lublin 2011.

Pronińska K., Zagrożenia i wyzwania dla globalnego bezpieczeństwa energe- tycznego, [in:] K. Księżopolski (ed.), Problemy bezpieczeństwa wewnętrz- nego i bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, Warszawa 2009.

RIA Novosti/P. Stępiński, Gazprom ułożył 300 km gazociągu Turkish Stream, Biznes Alert, 29.09.2017, http://biznesalert.pl/gazprom-ulozyl-300-km- -gazociagu-turkish-stream/1 [16.09.2019].

Smoleń K., Operation Olive Branch, „Facta Simonidis” 2019, no. 1 (12). Socor V., South Stream: Gazprom’s New Mega Project, „Eurasia Daily Monitor” 2007, vol. 4, no. 123, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=32826 [02.11.2012].

Statistical Books, Energy, transport and environment indicators. 2018 edition, Eurostat.

Stępniewski T., Geopolityka regionu Morza Czarnego w pozimnowojennym świecie, Lublin – Warszawa 2011.

The Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Strategic Plan (2010-2014), http://www.enerji.gov.tr/yayinlar_raporlar_EN/ETKB_2010_2014_Stratejik_Plani_EN.pdf [02.11.2012].

Tomaszewski K., Polityka energetyczna Unii Europejskiej w kontekście prob- lematyki bezpieczeństwa gospodarczego, „Przegląd Politologiczny” 2018, no. 1, http://przeglad.amu.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/pp-2018-1-09.pdf [26.08.2019].

Trusewicz I., Rewolucja w energetyce Ukrainy, energianews rp.pl, 27.05.2017, https://energia.rp.pl/energetyka-zawodowa/elektroenergetyka/4911-rewolucja-w-energetyce-ukrainy [15.09.2019].
World Economic Outlook, MFE 2008.

Wójcik T., Wójcik: Turkish Stream do Bułgarii, ale z konkurencją w Grecji, Biznes Alert, 05.02.2019, http://biznesalert.pl/turkish-stream-bulgaria-lng-grecja/ [16.09.2019].

Wójcik T., Turkish Stream, czyli gra o ostatni bastion Rosji na Bałkanach, Biznes Alert, 17.01.2019, http://biznesalert.pl/turkish-stream-serbia/ [16.09.2019].

Wójcik T., Wójcik: Gaz z Turkish Stream trafi do Serbii, ale czy do Unii też?, Biznes Alert, 18.01.2019, http://biznesalert.pl/turkish-stream-odnoga-serbia-ue/ [17.09.2019].

Zaniewicz M., Turcja buduje potęgę regionalną w oparciu o gaz, Energetyka24, 05.07.2019, https://www.energetyka24.com/turcja-buduje-potege-regionalna-w-oparciu-o-gaz-analiza [30.08.2019].

Artykuł

The impact of the European Union visa liberalisation process on the reduction of organised crime and corruption in Kosovo

Liczba wyświetleń: 1279
On January 19, 2012, the European Commission (Commission) decided to launch a visa liberalisation dialogue with Kosovo, and on June 14, 2012, it handed over to Kosovo’s government a ‘Roadmap Towards a Visa-free Regime’. This document included 95 requirements that Kosovo had to fulfil. By 2016, the Commission had adopted four reports on progress made by Kosovo in the visa dialogue. In a report issued on May 4, 2016, the EC proposed to the Council of the EU (Council) and the European Parliament (EP) to lift visa requirements on the citizens of Kosovo. The Commission stressed that by the day of the adoption of the proposal by the EP and the Council, Kosovo must have ratified the border/boundary agreement with Montenegro and strengthened its track record in the fight against organised crime and corruption. On July 18, 2018, the Commission confirmed in a report on the progress made by Kosovo in the visa dialogue, that the country had fulfilled the last two requirements included in the roadmap. The aim of this article is to analyse the visa-liberalisation dialogue between the European Union (EU) and Kosovo and whether liberalisation through a visa-free regime with Kosovo had an influence on reducing organised crime and corruption in Kosovo. The article is based on an analysis of primary and secondary sources, as well as statistical data.

P. Szeląg, The impact of the European Union visa liberalisation process on the reduction of organised crime and corruption in Kosovo, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 4, s. 123-139, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.6.

Begisholli B., Kosovo’s Anti-Corruption Efforts Inadequate, BIRN Report Says, Balkan Insight, 23.05.2019, https://balkaninsight.com/2019/05/23/ko- sovos-anti-corruption-efforts-inadequate-birn-report-says/ [16.07.2019].

Bytyci F., Kosovo and Montenegro Reach a Deal on 2015 Border Agreement, Reuters, 16.02.2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kosovo-mon- tenegro-border/kosovo-and-montenegro-reach-deal-on-2015-border- -agreement-idUSKCN1G01HA [15.07.2019].

Council Joint Action on the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Ko- sovo, EULEX Kosovo, 2008, https://www.eumonitor.nl/9353000/1/ j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vi7jgt7sfstm [04.07.2019].

Council of the European Union, Regional Report on the Western Balkans, Brussels, 09.11.2017.

Economides S., Ker-Lindsay J., Papadimitriou D., Kosovo: Four Futures, „Sur- vival” 2010, vol. 52, no. 5.

European Commission, Press Release Database, European Commission Pro- poses Visa-free Travel for the People of Kosovo, Brussels, 04.05.2016, http:// europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-1626_en.htm [15.07.2019].

European Commission, Press Release Database, First Commission Report on Progress by Kosovo Towards Visa Liberalisation, Brussels, 12.02.2013, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-108_en.htm [11.07.2019].

European Commission, Press Release Database, Visa Liberalisation: Commis- sion Confirms Kosovo Fulfils All Required Benchmarks, Brussels, 18.07.2018, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4562_en.htm [15.07.2019].

European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, Stabilisa- tion and Association Agreement, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood- -enlargement/policy/glossary/terms/saa_en [04.07.2019].

European Stability Initiative, https://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang= en&id=350 [08.07.2019].

European Union External Action, Visa Liberalisation with Kosovo. Roadmap, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_km/7209/ Roadmap-%20Visa%20Liberalisation%20with%20Kosovo [10.07.2019].

European Union Office in Kosovo/European Union Special Representative in Kosovo, Kosovo and the EU. An overview of relations between the EU and Kosovo, 2016, https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/kosovo_en/1387/ Kosovo*%20and%20the%20EU [04.07.2019].

Harland D., Kosovo and the UN, „Survival” 2010, vol. 52, no. 5.
Ibraj B., Cooperation Between Albania and Kosovo and Its Impact in Strengthe- ning the Rule of Law Against Transnational Organised Crime, 2008-2015,

„European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies” 2016, vol. 2, no. 4.

Kassof A.H., Plaks L. (eds), Catastrophe in the Balkans: Serbia’s Neighbors and the Kosovo Conflict, Princeton, New Jersey 1999.

Overseas Security Advisory Council, Kosovo 2016 Crime & Safety Report, https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/daaff3b6-a600-4729-b74a- 15f4adb6408b [10.07.2019].

Overseas Security Advisory Council, Kosovo 2017 Crime & Safety Report, https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/1b46b064-08b1-4f93-889a- 15f4ae020b1e [10.07.2019].

Overseas Security Advisory Council, Kosovo 2018 Crime & Safety Report, https://www.osac. gov/Content/Report/59a28c14-7777-4ae9-9e4a-15f4a- e534ceb [10.07.2019].

Pawłowski K., Państwowość Kosowa. Geneza, uwarunkowania, współczesność, Lublin 2018.

Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on progress by Kosovo* in fulfilling the requirements of the visa liberalization roadmap, Brussels, 08.02.2013.

Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Fourth report on progress by Kosovo* in fulfilling the requirements of the visa liberalisation roadmap, Brussels, 04.05.2016.

Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Second report on progress by Kosovo* in fulfilling the requirements of the visa liberalisation roadmap, Brussels, 24.07.2014.

Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Third report on progress by Kosovo* in fulfilling the requirements of the visa liberalisation roadmap, Brussels, 18.12.2015.

Republic of Kosovo, Ministry of European Integration, Visa Liberalisation Roadmap, http://mei-ks.net/en/visa-liberalization-roadmap [10.07.2019].

Republic of Kosovo, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Annual Report 2017. Republic of Kosovo, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Kosovo Police Annual Work Report 2018.

Rettman A., Krasniqi E., Kosovo optimistic on EU prospects two years after independence, EUobserver, 17.02.2010, https://euobserver.com/enlargement/29492 [04.07.2019].

The Ministry of European Integration of the Republic of Kosovo, Stabilisation and Association Agreement, https://www.mei-ks.net/en/stabilization–association-brprocess- [04.07.2019].

The Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Admini- stration Mission in Kosovo, S/1999/779, 12.07.1999.

Trading Economics, Kosovo Corruption Index, https://tradingeconomics. com/kosovo/corruption-index [16.07.2019].

Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index 2018, https://www. transparency.org/cpi2018 [04.07.2019].

UNDP, USAID, Action Paper on Schengen Visa Refusal Rate in Kosovo. Re- ducing the Schengen Visa Rejection Rate for Kosovar Citizens, December 2013, https://www.meiks.net/repository/docs/AP_on_Visa_eng.pdf [04.07.2019].

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999), S/RES/1244 (1999), 10.06.1999.

Artykuł

New Balkan migration route and its impact on transit countries

Liczba wyświetleń: 1169
In 2015, global public opinion was shaken by the migration crisis, as wave after wave of refugees from the Middle East, primarily from Syria, tried to get from Turkey and Greece to Western Europe via the so-called ‘Balkan Route’. In time, the situation only seemed to be resolved. In the Balkan countries, there still are, according to estimates, tens of thousands of migrants who failed to get farther west, and more are constantly arriving. Meanwhile, since 2018, one can speak of a new, though a much smaller wave of immigrants who are trying to get from Greece to Croatia (and thus to the European Union), increasingly often bypassing Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina along the way. The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the phenomenon of the so-called ‘New Balkan Route’ and the problems it creates for the Balkans.

M. Rekść, New Balkan migration route and its impact on transit countries, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 4, s. 141-160, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.7.

2/3 ispitanika smatra da postoji mogućnost rasplamsavanja izbegličke krize, Fondacija Ana i Vlade Divac, https://www.divac.com/upload/document/ kljucni_nalazi_istrazivanja_.pdf [01.08.2019].

A Macedonian Perspective in the Migration Crisis, Clingendael, 17.11.2016, https://www.clingendael.org/publication/macedonian-perspective-mi- gration-crisis [05.08.2019].

Austrijski mediji: Balkanu prijeti novi talas izbjeglica, antimigrant.ba, 08.07.2019, https://antimigrant.ba/austrijski-mediji-balkanu-prijeti-no- vi-talas-izbjeglica/ [15.08.2019].

Balkan-Route zurück: Neue Flüchtlingswelle rollt an, oe24, 07.07.2019, https:// www.oe24.at/welt/Balkan-Route-zurueck-Neue-Fluechtlingswelle-rollt- -an/387713359 [15.08.2019].

Bazdulj M., I oni su pjevali o ratu. Odjeci raspada Jugoslavije u engleskoj i američkoj književnosti, Beograd 2013.

Ben-Meir A., Corruption in the Balkans Is Impeding EU Membership, The Glo- balist, 11.01.2019, https://www.theglobalist.com/european-union-mem- bership-balkans-corruption/ [06.08.2019].

Bez komentara: Vučića im preko glave, rekordnih 75% Srba želi da emigrira iz Srbije, Vidiportal, https://www.vidiportal.ba/index.php/novosti/11558- -vucica-im-preko-glave-rekordnih-75-srba-zeli-da-emigrira-iz-srbije [20.07.2019].

Bieber F., The Rise (and Fall) of Balkan Stabilitocracies, CIRSD, https://www. cirsd.org/en/horizons/horizons-winter-2018-issue-no-10/the-rise-and- -fall-of-balkan-stabilitocracies [03.08.2019].

CELA SRBIJA SE SMEJE: Vučić o migrantima koji će rešiti problem nata- liteta, Srbin.info, 15.07.2018, https://srbin.info/politika/cela-srbija-se- -smeje-vucic-o-migrantima-koji-ce-resiti-problem-nataliteta/?lang=lat [20.08.2019].

Croatia: Migrants Pushed Back to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Violence, Abuse; Denied Opportunity to Apply for Asylum, Human Rights Watch, 11.12.2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/12/11/croatia-migrants-pushed-back- -bosnia-and-herzegovina [06.08.2019].

Curp T.D., Human Rights and Wrongs in Failed States: Bosnia-Herzegovina, the International Community and the Challenges of Long-Term Instability in Southeastern Europe, [in:] I. Trauschweizer, S.M. Miner (eds), Failed States and Fragile Societies: A New World Disorder?, Athens – Ohio 2014.

Dodik: U BiH se pravi islamska država, Mondo, 03.07.2016, http://mon- do.rs/a917466/Info/Ex-Yu/Dodik-o-popisu-stanovnistva-u-BiH.html [15.08.2019].

Dragouni O., Granica prze-obrażona. Między Grecją a Macedonią, „Herito. Dziedzictwo, kultura, współczesność” 2018, no. 1.

Dzwończyk J., Populistyczne tendencje w społeczeństwie postsocjalistycznym (na przykładzie Polski), Toruń 2000.

GDE SU PARE? 2014. godine smo dobili MILIONE za prevenciju poplava, A SAD NAM SE DEŠAVA ISTI PAKAO! KAKO?, Espreso.rs, 09.06.2019, https://www.espreso.rs/vesti/drustvo/397167/gde-su-pare-2014-godine- -smo-dobili-milione-za-prevenciju-poplava-a-sad-nam-se-desava-isti- -pakao-kako-foto [20.08.2019].

Govedarica S., Flüchtlinge auf der neuen Balkanroute. Gefangen im Nie- mandsland, Deutschlandfunk, 13.12.2018, https://www.deutschland- funk.de/fluechtlinge-auf-der-neuen-balkanroute-gefangen-im.724. de.html?dram:article_id=435899 [15.08.2019].

Granice istoka, Odkut migranti u Bosni?, Al Jazeera Balkans, 26.07.2019, http://balkans.aljazeera.net/video/granice-istoka-otkud-migranti-u-bos- ni [06.08.2019].

Husanović J., Između traume, imaginacije i nade. Kritički ogledi o kulturnoj produkciji i emancipativnoj politici, Beograd 2010.

Imielski R., Prezydent Macedonii: Unia zapomniała o Bałkanach. Zostali- śmy sami z problemem uchodźców, Gazeta Wyborcza, 18.09.2015, http:// wyborcza.pl/1,75399,18845087,prezydent-macedonii-unia-zapomniala-o- -balkanach-zostalismy.html [12.04.2018].

Izbjeglice u Sarajevu bez pomoći vlasti, YouTube, 01.05.2018, https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=4inJywDrXbQ [06.08.2019].

Kalan D., In Bosnia, a Migrant Way Station Is Becoming a Winter Prison, Foreign Policy, 20.02.2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/20/in- -bosnia-a-migrant-way-station-is-becoming-a-winter-prison-bihac-cro- atia-borici-refugees/ [06.08.2019].

Karitas: Izbeglice na Balkanu ponekad u katastrofalnim uslovima, Danas, 18.07.2016, https://www.blic.rs/vesti/drustvo/karitas-izbeglice-na-balka- nu-ponekad-u-katastrofalnim-uslovima/nzs8x0q [25.07.2019].

Kassabova K., Granica. Na krawędzi Europy, Wołowiec 2019. Kędziora-Płachciak J., Is Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Becoming a Breeding Ground for International Terrorism?, [in:] D. Gibas-Krzak (ed.), Terrorism in the Balkans in the 20th and 21st Century, Toruń 2018.

Lovšin P., Kodo tihotapi migrante v Slovenijo, „Dnevnik”, 25.05.2019. Majewski P., (Re)konstrukcje narodu. Odwieczna Macedonia powstaje w XXI wieku, Gdańsk 2013.

Memić M., Bošnjaci (Muslimani) Crne Gore, Podgorica – Sarajevo 2003. Misteriozno nestao novac plasiran u BiH, Jabuka.tv, 17.07.2016, https://www.jabuka.tv/misteriozno-nestao-novac-plasiran-u-bih/ [20.08.2019].

‘Mladi imaju vrlo negativne stavove prema imigrantima, ali i nacionalnim manjinama’, Večernji list, 25.10.2016, https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/ branislava-baranovic-mladi-imaju-vrlo-negativne-stavove-prema-imi- grantima-ali-i-nacionalnim-manjinama-1123682 [01.08.2019].

Može li Hrvatska uopće brzo u Schengen?, DW, 31.07.2019, https://www. dw.com/hr/mo%C5%BEe-li-hrvatska-uop%C4%87e-brzo-u-schengen /a-49800781 [17.08.2019].

NEBOJŠA KRSTIĆ: Srpska sela treba da kolonizuju migranti!, Dnevna gaze- ta, 12.12.2018, https://dnevnagazeta.rs/2018/12/12/nebojsa-krstic-srpska- -sela-treba-da-kolonizuju-migranti-foto/ [20.08.2019].

Nišić S., Globalna sila i bezbednost Balkana, Beograd 2002.

Nova balkanska ruta: opasnija i skuplja, DW, 11.05.2018, https://www.dw.com/sr/nova-balkanska-ruta-opasnija-i-skuplja/a-43736010 [01.08.2019]. Pejanović R., Tranzicija i nacionalna kultura. Ogledi iz društveno-ekonomske antropologije, Novi Sad 2015.

Pelinka A., Populizm w Europie – w poszukiwaniu znaczenia mglistego pojęcia, [in:] J.M. De Waele, A. Pacześniak (eds), Populizm w Europie. Defekt i przejaw demokracji?, Warszawa 2010.

Petrović M., UBISTVO U CENTRU BEOGRADA Migrant iz Avganistana stradao u tuči u Karađorđevoj, Blic, 05.06.2019, https://www.blic.rs/ve- sti/hronika/ubistvo-u-centru-beograda-migrant-iz-avganistana-stradao- -u-tuci-u-karadordevoj/kk9kqmp [20.08.2019].

Płaneta P., Bośnia i Hercegowina na rozdrożu. Odbudowa muzułmańskiej tożsamości czy islamizacja kraju?, „Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bał- kanistyczne” 2017, no. 26.

Policija: O migrantima se šire gnjusne laži, nemojte nasjedati, 24sata, 06.11.2018, https://www.24sata.hr/news/policija-o-migrantima-se-sire- -gnjusne-lazi-nemojte-nasjedati-598679 – 24sata.hr [20.08.2019].

REŠENO UBISTVO DVOJICE MIGRANATA! Sumnja se da je Avganista- nac Kulat podsticao na dvostruko ubistvo nožem!, Espreso.rs, 10.06.2019, https://www.espreso.rs/vesti/hronika/399869/reseno-ubistvo-dvojice- -migranata-sumnja-se-da-je-avganistanac-kulat-podsticao-na-dvostru- ko-ubistvo-nozem [21.08.2019].

Sarajevo: Dvojica migranata pretukli i opljačkali starca dok je išao platiti račune, Source.ba, 07.04.2019, http://www.source.ba/clanak/Crnahro- nika/492413/Sarajevo–Dvojica-migranata-pretukli-i-opljackali-starca- -dok-je-isao-platiti-racune [20.08.2019].

Shefer P., Liberalna nelagodnost Evropske integracije, Beograd 2007. Szczerek Z., Międzymorze. Podróże przez prawdziwą i wyobrażoną Europę Środkową, Warszawa – Wołowiec 2017.

Szpala M., Jaroszewicz M., Macedonia a kryzys migracyjny, Analizy OSW,26.08.2015, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2015-08-26/macedonia-a-kryzys-migracyjny [03.08.2019].

The Balkans: A migrant gateway for jihadists?, Global Initiative, 01.03.2018, https://globalinitiative.net/the-balkans-a-migrant-gateway-for-jihadists/[10.08.2019].

The Crisis of Democracy in the Western Balkans. Authoritarianism and EU Stabilitocracy, Graz 2017, http://www.biepag.eu/wp-content/uplo- ads/2017/03/BIEPAG-The-Crisis-of-Democracy-in-the-Western- -Balkans.-Authoritarianism-and-EU-Stabilitocracy-web.pdf [03.08.2019].

Tomović P., Talas migranata u Crnoj Gori, Radio Slobodna Evropa, 28.02.2019, https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/crna-gora-migranti-porast-broja-iz- bjeglice/29796341.html [20.08.2019].

Uhapšena peta osoba osumnjičena za organizovanu pljačku migranata u Sa- rajevu, Klix.ba, 01.08.2018, https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/crna-hronika/ uhapsena-peta-osoba-osumnjicena-za-organizovanu-pljacku-migrana- ta-u-sarajevu/180801014 [20.08.2019].

Vučić o “strahu od migranata”: Trebaju nam ljudi, ne prazne livade, N1, 02.03.2019, http://ba.n1info.com/Regija/a319463/Vucic-o-naseljavanju- -migranata.html [20.08.2019].

Woźnica R., Wpływ konfliktów w byłej Jugosławii na kierunki rozwoju transna- rodowej przestępczości zorganizowanej na Bałkanach, [in:] P. Chmielewski, S.L. Szczesio (eds), Bałkany Zachodnie między przeszłością a przyszłoś- cią, Łódź 2013.

Zebić E., Hoće li se Zagreb protiviti slovenskom prijedlogu o Frontexu na gra- nici?, Radio Slobodna Evropa, 09.07.2019, https://www.slobodnaevropa. org/a/hrvatska-slovenija-frontex/30045618.html [17.08.2019].

Zivanovic M., Myanmar’s Persecuted Rohingya Join Balkan Rou- te into Europe, Balkan Insight, 02.08.2019, https://balkaninsight. com/2019/08/02/myanmars-persecuted-rohingya-join-balkan-route- -into-europe/?fbclid=IwAR0Kcdm4GZk5hC-F8W8Jz_7d_K6DWA- V1ObOSTLGAHbDu2DyTLvZtCgnrLtE [02.08.2019].

Zorić J., Maloletni migranti iz Avganistana završili u zatvoru za odrasle u Novom Sadu, N1, 17.01.2019, http://rs.n1info.com/Vesti/a452768/Ma- loletni-migranti-iz-Avganistana-zavrsili-u-zatvoru-za-odrasle-u-Novom- -Sadu.html [21.08.2019].

Zorić J., Ubijen migrant koji je bio osumnjičen za ubistvo Avganistanca u cen- tru Beograda, N1, 06.06.2019, http://rs.n1info.com/Vesti/a489941/Ubi- jen-migrant-koji-je-bio-osumnjicen-za-ubistvo-u-centru-Beograda.html [21.08.2019].

Županić S., BiH 2018: Dodik jedini politički profitirao na migrantima, Ex- press, 24.10.2018, https://www.express.hr/top-news/bih-2018-dodik-na- -migrantima-jedini-politicki-profitirao-18201 [15.08.2019].

Artykuł

The referendum as an institution in the Black Sea Region: Does it signal the rise or collapse of democracy?

Liczba wyświetleń: 1138
Views on the institution of direct democracy have changed during the period of democratic transition. The various advantages and positive effects of direct democracy have been confirmed by the practice of some democratic countries. Its educational and political activation value for society was also noted, without which civil society cannot form. The referendum is especially treated as the purest form of correlation between the views of society and the decisions of its representatives. In a situation where two representative bodies are present – the parliament and the president – a referendum is considered a means of resolving disputes between them in important state affairs. The referendum is nowadays becoming more than just a binding or consultative opinion on a legislative act, especially a constitution. First and foremost, it is important to see the extension of the type and scope of issues that are subject to direct voting. Apart from the traditional, i.e., constitutional changes, polarising issues that raise considerable emotion have become the subject of referenda. Problems of this type include, in particular, moral issues, membership in international organisations, and so-called ‘New Policy’. This article presents the role and importance of the referendum as an institution shaping the democratic systems of the Black Sea Region.

M. Podolak, The referendum as an institution in the Black Sea Region: Does it signal the rise or collapse of democracy?, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 4, s. 161-185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.4.8.

Albi A., Referenda w sprawach członkostwa w UE w krajach Europy Środ- kowej i Wschodniej: konsekwencje dla unijnej procedury zmian traktato- wych, „Zeszyty Natolińskie” 2004, no. 1, http://www.natolin.edu.pl/index. html [07.10.2018].

Baluk W., Demokracja bezpośrednia na Ukrainie w okresie transformacji, [in:] M. Marczewska-Rytko (ed.), Stan i perspektywy demokracji bezpo- średniej we współczesnym świecie, Lublin 2011.

Baluk W., Rywalizacja wyborcza w państwach Europy Wschodniej. Zarys problemu, [in:] A. Stępień-Kuczyńska, M. Słowikowski (eds), Na gruzach imperium… W stronę nowego ładu międzynarodowego i społeczno-poli- tycznego w regionie Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Łódź 2012.

Banaszak B., Porównawcze prawo konstytucyjne współczesnych państw de- mokratycznych, Kraków 2004.

Bokszczanin I., Instytucja referendum ratyfikacyjnego w procesie integracji w Europie, [in:] T. Mołdawa, K.A. Wojtaszczyk, A. Szymański (eds), Wy- miar społeczny członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2003.

Bouissou M., La pratique référendaire en France, „Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé” 1976, no. 2.

Bradly H.E., Kaplan C.S., Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union, [in:] D. But- ler, A. Ranney (eds), Referendums around the World. Growing Use of Di- rect Democracy, Washington 1994.

Bulgaria’s electronic voting referendum falls short, The Sofia Globe, 25.10.2015, https://sofiaglobe.com/2015/10/25/bulgarias-electronic-voting-referen- dum-falls-short/ [21.11.2018].

Cage S., Ilie L., Romania president accuses government of power grab, Reu- ters, 05.07.2012, https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-romania-politics- -idUKBRE86413W20120705 [12.10.2018].

Chudziak M., Referendum w sprawie zmiany konstytucji w Turcji, Ana- lizy OSW, 18.04.2017, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/anali- zy/2017-04-18/referendum-w-sprawie-zmiany-konstytucji-w-turcji [12.10.2018].

Culic I., Romania, [in:] A. Auer, A. Bützer (eds), Direct democracy: The Eastern and Central Experience, Sydney 2001.

Czajowski A., Demokratyzacja Rosji w latach 1987-1999, Wrocław 2001. Czeszejko-Sochacki Z., Prawo parlamentarne w Polsce, Warszawa 1997.
de Waele J.M., From membership referendums to European elections, [in:] J.M. de Waele (ed.), European Union accession referendums, Brussels 2005. Dziemidok-Olszewska B., Instytucja Prezydenta w państwach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Lublin 2003.

Hartwig M., Die Legitimation des Staates durch Verfassungsrezeption in Mittel- und Osteuropa, „Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht” 1999, vol. 59.

In historic vote, Bulgarian voters back new nuclear plant, Euractiv, 28.01.2013, https://www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/in-historic-vote-bulga- rian-voters-back-new-nuclear-plant/ Accessed [12.10.2018].

Jabłoński M., Referendum de lege lata i de lege ferenda, „Przegląd Prawa i Administracji” 1997, vol. XXXIX.

Jabłoński M., Referendum ogólnokrajowe w polskim prawie konstytucyjnym, Wrocław 2001.

Jabłoński M., Referendum ogólnokrajowe. Wybrane zagadnienia, „Palestra” 2003, no. 5/6.

Karwulski J., Wybory parlamentarne i prezydenckie u wschodnich sąsiadów w latach 1992-1995 (Litwa, Rosja, Ukraina, Białoruś), Poznań 1995.

Kowalak T., Eseje o demokracji, Białystok 2004.

Kowalski J.S., Konstytucja Federacji Rosyjskiej a rosyjska i europejska tradycja konstytucyjna, Warszawa – Poznań 2009.

Kulig A., Naleziński B., Referendum w systemie ustrojowym Polski, „Przegląd Sejmowy” 1996, no. 5.

Kużelewska E., Bartnicki A.R., Referendum in Poland and Russia. Comparative analysis attempt, „The International Affairs Review” 2008, no. 1/2.

Macias A., A detailed look at how Russia annexed Crimea, Business Insider, 24.03.2015, https://www.businessinsider.com/how-russia-took-crimea-2015-3?IR=T [15.10.2018].

Malinowski A., Społeczne uwarunkowania referendum, [in:] M.T. Staszewski, D. Waniek (eds), Referendum w Polsce i w Europie Wschodniej, Warszawa 1996.

Marciniak W., Rozgrabione imperium. Upadek Związku Sowieckiego i powstanie Federacji Rosyjskiej, Kraków 2004.

Marczewska-Rytko M., Demokracja bezpośrednia w teorii i praktyce politycznej, Lublin 2002.

Musiał-Karg M., Instytucje demokracji bezpośredniej w procesie integracji europejskiej, „Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej” 2012, no. 6.

Musiał-Karg M., Referenda w państwach europejskich, Toruń 2008. Naisbitt J., Megatrends. Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives, London 1984.

Olejniczak-Szałowska E., Referendum lokalne w świetle ustawodawstwa polskiego, Warszawa 2002.

Olszański T.A, Trud niepodległości. Ukraina na przełomie tysiącleci, Kraków 2003.

Olszański T.A., Sarna A., Wierzbowska-Miazga A., Konsekwencje aneksji Krymu, Analizy OSW, 19.03.2014, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2014-03-19/konsekwencje-aneksji-krymu [27.10.2018].

Podolak M., Instytucja referendum w wybranych państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (1989-2012), Lublin 2014.

Prezydent Kuczma rozpisał referendum, „Tydzień na Wschodzie” 2000, no. 3 (107).

Puchalska B., Limits to Democratic Constitutionalism in Central and Eastern Europe, Farnham 2011.

Q&A, Bulgaria’s nuclear energy referendum, BBC, 25.01.2013, https://www. bbc.com/news/world-europe-21202176 [22.10.2018].

Q&A, Turkey’s constitutional referendum, BBC, 12.09.2010, https://www.bbc. com/news/world-europe-11228955 [30.10.2018].

Referendum konstytucyjne na Ukrainie, „Tydzień na Wschodzie” 2000, no. 16-17 (180-181).

Reilly S., Design, Meaning and Choice indirect Democracy. The Influences of Petitioners and Voters, Farnham – Burlington 2010.

Romania. Country Study Guide, V. 1 Strategic Information and Developments, Washington 2013.

Romanian president faces impeachment poll, Euractiv, 25.04.2007, https:// www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/romanian-president-faces- -impeachment-poll/798698/ [22.10.2018].

Rousseau J.J., Umowa społeczna, A. Peretiatkowicz (tr.), Kęty 2002. Security Council Fails to Adopt Text Urging Member States Not to Recogni- ze Planned 16 March Referendum in Ukraine’s Crimea Region, Security Council, 15.03.2014, https://www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11319.doc.htm [15.10.2018].

Sokolewicz W., Nowa rola konstytucji w postsocjalistycznych państwach Europy, „Państwo i Prawo” 2000, no. 10.

Steiner J., Demokracje europejskie, Rzeszów 1993.

Stelmach A., Wybory parlamentarne w Rosji (12 grudnia 1993), [in:] S. Zyborowicz (ed.), Polska i państwa sąsiedzkie. Wybory parlamentarne i prezydenckie 1993-1995, Poznań 1997.

Stoychev S.P., The 2015 referendum in Bulgaria, ResearchGate, 01.12.2015, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304806749_The_2015_Referendum_in_Bulgaria [15.10.2018].

Stoychev S.P., The 2016 referendum in Bulgaria, CEU, 2017, https://political-science.ceu.edu/sites/politicalscience.ceu.hu/files/attachment/basicpage/1096/stoychostoychev.pdf [15.10.2018].

Traian Basescu: Romanian impeachment vote ruled invalid, BBC, 21.08.2012, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19332259 [15.10.2018].

Większość obywateli Ukrainy zamierza wziąć udział w referendum, „Tydzień na Wschodzie” 2000, no. 15 (179).

Zawadzka B., Konsultacje społeczne i referendum w systemie politycznym PRL, „Studia Prawnicze” 1989, vol. 2/3.

Zieliński E., Proces odrodzenia narodowego i państwowego republik, [in:] E. Zieliński (ed.), Przeobrażenia ustrojowe w państwach byłego ZSRR, Warszawa 1992.

Zieliński E., Referendum w państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, [in:] M.T. Staszewski (ed.), Referendum konstytucyjne w Polsce, Warszawa 1997.

Zieliński E., Referendum w Rosji, [in:] E. Zieliński, I. Bokszczanin, J. Zieliński, Referendum w państwach Europy, Warszawa 2003.

Zieliński E., Referendum w sprawie przystąpienia do Unii Europejskiej, [in:] T. Mołdawa, K.A. Wojtaszczyk, A. Szymański (eds), Wymiar społeczny członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2003.

Zieliński E., System konstytucyjny Federacji Rosyjskiej, [in:] J. Adamow- ski, A. Skrzypek (eds), Federacja Rosyjska 1991-2001, Warszawa 2002. Zieliński J., Referendum i demokracja reprezentacyjna na Łotwie, [in:] J. Dobkowski (ed.), Problemy współczesnego ustrojoznawstwa. Księga jubileuszowa prof. B. Jastrzębskiego, Olsztyn 2007.