Wysiłki mediacyjne Turcji: pośredniczenie w konflikcie Rosji z Ukrainą
ORCID: Jakub Wódka: 0000-0003-3926-0814
Strony: 139-154
Wydanie: Lublin 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.1.10
Sposób cytowania: J. Wódka, Turkey’s mediatory endeavours: Facilitating dialogue in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 21 (2023), z. 1, s. 155-169, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2023.1.10
Słowa kluczowe: Mediation, Russia’s invasion, Turkey, Ukraine, war
Abstrakt: W artykule omówione zostaną aspiracje Turcji do odgrywania aktywnej roli mediatora w wojnie rosyjsko-ukraińskiej. Jako średnia potęga dążąca do umacniania swoich globalnych wpływów, Turcja równoważy relacje z Rosją bliższymi stosunkami z Ukrainą. Przykładem tej strategii jest ambiwalentna polityka kooperatywnej rywalizacji z Rosją przy jednoczesnym umacnianiu stosunków, również w sferze militarnej, z Kijowem. Biorąc powyższe pod uwagę, Turcja postrzega siebie jako naturalnie predestynowaną do pośredniczenia między zwaśnionymi stronami w celu zaprowadzenia pokoju. Odniosła już na tym polu pewne sukcesy, czego przykładem jest inicjatywa zbożowa.
Bibliografia:
1. Alemdar A., Ağır sınıf taarruz helikopteri ATAK-II’nin motorları Ukrayna’dan gelecek, DefenceTurk.net, 14 March 2021, https://www.defenceturk.net/agir-sinif-taarruz-helikopteri-atak-iinin-motorlari-ukraynadan-gelecek.
2. Åtland K., Redrawing borders, reshaping orders: Russia’s quest for dominance in the Black Sea region, “European Security” 2021, vol. 30, no. 2.
3. Aydın M., The long view on Turkish-Russian rivalry and cooperation, GMF, “On Türkiye”, June 2020, no. 5, https://www.gmfus.org/publications/long-view-turkish-russian-rivalry-and-cooperation.
4. Bakan Çavuşoğlu: “Ukrayna ve NATO arasında devam edecek işbirliği, güçlü ve bağımsız bir Ukrayna için çok önemli”, Haberler.com, 7 July 2021, https://www.haberler.com/bakan-cavusoglu-ukrayna-ve-nato-arasinda-devam-14252270-haberi/.
5. Bazoğlu Sezer D., Ukraine, Türkiye, and the Black Sea Region, “Harvard Ukrainian Studies” 1996, vol. 20.
6. Begdil B.E., Türkiye’s ‘chronic engine problem’ is harming defense projects, warn officials, Defense News, 26 June 2020.
7. Çelikpala M., Erşen E., Türkiye’s Black Sea predicament: Challenging or accommodating Russia?, “Perceptions. Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 23, no. 2.
8. Dalay G., After the S-400 purchase: Where are Turkish-Russian relations heading? Point of View, SWP, 3 September 2019, https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/after-the-s-400-purchase-where-are-turkish-russian-relations-heading.
9. Dışişleri Bakanı Çavuşoğlu: Kırım Platformuna desteğimizi bugün bir kere daha yineledik, Anadolu Ajansı, 18 December 2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/disisleri-bakani-cavusoglu-kirim-platformuna-destegimizi-bugun-bir-kere-daha-yineledik/2081611.
10. Dursun-Özkanca O., Türkiye-West relations: The politics of intra-alliance opposition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2019.
11. Erdoğan: NATO’nun yüzünden Karadeniz Rus gölü oldu, soL, 11 May 2016, https://haber.sol.org.tr/toplum/erdogan-natonun-yuzunden-karadeniz-rus-golu-oldu-155577.
12. Hamilton R.E., Mikulska A., Cooperation, competition, and compartmentalization: Russian-Turkish relations and their implications for the West, Black Sea Strategy Papers, Foreign Policy Research Institute, April 2021, https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/04/cooperation-competition-and-compartmentalization-russian-turkish-relations-and-their-implications-for-the-west/.
13. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/black_sea_grain_initiative_full_text.pdf.
14. Klymenko A., A “Russian lake”: Nine aspects of the current situation in the Black Sea, Black Sea News, 4 August 2019, https://www.blackseanews.net/en/read/153503.
15. Öniş Z., Yilmaz Ş., Türkiye and Russia in a shifting global order: cooperation, conflict and asymmetric interdependence in a turbulent region, “Third World Quarterly” 2016, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 71-95.
16. Petrov G., Erdogan reshil vozdeystvovat’ na Moskvu cherez Kiev. Turtsiya razygryvaet ukrainskuyu kartu v bol’shoy igre s Rossiey, “Nezavisimaya Gazeta”, 11 April 2021, https://www.ng.ru/world/2021-04-11/1_8125_Türkiye.html.
17. President Erdoğan: Russia’s decision to recognise the so called Donetsk and Luhansk Republics is unacceptable, Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, 22 February 2022, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/haberler/detay/president-erdogan-russias-decision-torecognise-the-so-called-donetsk-and-luhansk-republics-is-unacceptable.
18. Russia extends grain deal for 60 days, wants to see progress on concerns, Reuters, 18 March 2023, https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/russia-extends-grain-deal-60-days-wants-see-progress-concerns-2023-03-18/.
19. Russia says it will reduce military activity near Ukraine capital, Al-Jazeera, 29 March 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/29/no-handshake-as-ukraine-russia-envoys-meet-for-peace-talks.
20. Russia warns Türkiye over ties with Ukraine, Reuters, 24 May 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-warns-Türkiye-over-ties-with-ukraine-2021-05-24/.
21. Shlykov P., Russian-Turkish relations in the wider Black Sea region: Cooperation and competition, “Perceptions Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 23, no. 2.
22. Strachota K., Wilk A., S-400 dla Turcji. Eskalacja kryzysu w stosunkach turecko-amerykańskich, “Komentarz OSW”, 12 June 2019, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/komentarze-osw/2019-06-12/s-400-dla-turcji-eskalacja-kryzysu-w-stosunkach-turecko.
23. Tahıl sevkiyatı üssü İstanbul’da resmi olarak açıldı, NTV, 27 July 2022, https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/tahil-sevkiyati-ussu-istanbulda-aciliyor,2Qx-5lC3w0G_6L8IDZLOjg.
24. Temizer M., Russian share of Turkish gas imports falls as LNG rises, Anadolu Agency, 5 June 2020, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/russian-share-of-turkish-gas-imports-falls-as-lng-rises/1866403
25. Turkey downing of Russia jet “stab in the back” – Putin, BBC, 24 November 2015, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34913173.
26. Türkiye ile Ukrayna arasında 20 maddelik ortak bildiri, TRT HABER, 10 April 2021, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/turkiye-ile-ukrayna-arasinda-20-maddelik-ortak-bildiri-571807.html.
27. Turkey’s Erdogan calls for end to “worrying” developments in eastern Ukraine, offers support, Reuters, 10 April 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukrainian-turkish-presidents-hold-talks-amid-donbass-tensions-with-russia-2021-04-10/.
28. Türkiye-Rusya-Ukrayna üçlü dışişleri bakanları toplantısı, T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-rusya-ukrayna-uclu-disisleri-bakanlari-toplantisi–10-mart-2022.en.mfa.
29. Ukraine and Türkiye hold political and security consultations in the Quadriga format at the level of national coordinators, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Ukrainy, 24 March 2021, https://mfa.gov.ua/en/news/ukraine-and-Türkiye-held-political-and-security-consultations-quadriga-format-level-national-coordinators.
30. Ukraine eyes more joint defense projects with Türkiye, Anadolu Ajansı, 3 February 2021, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/ukraine-eyes-more-joint-defense-projects-with-Türkiye/2132853.
31. Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşı’nın birinci yılında Türkiye’nin arabulucu rolü, Anadolu Ajansı, 24 February 2023, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/gorus-ukrayna-rusya-savasinin-birinci-yilinda-turkiye-nin-arabulucu-rolu/2829905#.
32. Ukrayna ve Rusya heyetleri İstanbul’da görüştü, Seta Foundation, 1 April 2022, https://setadc.org/ukrayna-ve-rusya-heyetleri-istanbulda-gorustu/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=ukrayna-ve-rusya-heyetleri-istanbulda-gorustu.
33. Ukrayna: Türkiye ile uzaya roket fırlatabiliriz, Ensonhaber, 21 June 2021, https://www.ensonhaber.com/teknoloji/ukrayna-turkiye-ile-uzaya-roket-firlatabiliriz.
34. Vorotnyk M., Foreign policy audit. Ukraine-Türkiye, Discussion Paper, Kyiv 2016, p. 4, http://prismua.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Aud_Ukr_Turk_01_32_eng-2.pdf.
Słowa kluczowe: Mediation, Russia’s invasion, Turkey, Ukraine, war
PDF: Pobierz