The political engagement of women in post-conflict Kosovo

Polityczne zaangażowanie kobiet po zakończeniu konfliktu w Kosowie

Abstrakt: Republika Kosowa powstała w kilkanaście lat po rozpadzie Federacyjnej Socjalistycznej Republiki Jugosławii. Jednakże problemy tego obecnego terytorium państwowego były widoczne już w trakcie rządów Josipa Broza Tito. W państwie tym w przeciągu ostatnich dziesięciu lat prezydentem została dwukrotnie wybrana kobieta. Nasuwa się zatem pytanie, jak wygląda pozycja kobiet na kosowskiej scenie politycznej? Jest to zjawisko szczególnie istotne z punktu widzenia odbudowy państwa po zakończeniu konfliktu zbrojnego. Celem artykułu jest dokonanie analizy ewolucji roli kosowskich kobiet w polityce szczebla centralnego tego państwa. Z tego względu w tekście zostało uwzględnione zaangażowanie kobiet w konflikt w Kosowie, a zwłaszcza w działalność Wyzwoleńczej Armii Kosowa (alb. Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës, UÇK). Autorka przedstawia również rolę kobiet na kosowskiej scenie politycznej po 1999 r., ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zmian, które miały miejsce po ogłoszeniu niepodległości Kosowa. W tekście zostały również przedstawione sylwetki wybranych kobiet, które od lat są obecne w polityce Kosowa. W artykule wykorzystano analizę źródeł pierwotnych i wtórnych, metodę porównawczą, metodę historyczną oraz analizę danych statystycznych.

Bibliografia:

Beha A., Between stabilization and democratization. Elections, political parties and intra-party democracy in Kosovo, Pristina 2017.

Bekaj A., The KLA and the Kosovo war. From intra-state conflict to independent country, “Berghof Transitions Series. Resistance, Liberation Movements and Transitions to Politics”, no. 8, Berlin 2010.

Boyle M. J., Violence after War: Explaining Instability in Post-Conflict States, Baltimore 2014.

Blair R., Presentation Post – Conflict Reconstruction, Trends, Concepts, Dilemmas and “Solutions” on 13 June 2016 at the Watson Institute for International & Public Affairs, Brown University, Providence (RI).

Brown G., Langer A., Stewart F., A Typology of Post-Conflict Environment, “Centre for Research on Peace and Development Working Paper”, 2011, no. 1.

Cal N. M., Bhatia R. D., Learning to work with both hands. A close examination of women’s political and economic participation in post-conflict Kosovo, Washington 2016.

Citaku M., New President of Kosovo. Vjosa Osmani, 05.04.2021, Fredrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom, https://www.freiheit.org/western-balkans/new-president-kosovo.

Clark J. N., Kosovo’s Gordian knot: the contested North and the search for a solution, “Nationalities Papers”, 2014, vol. 42, no. 3.

Clewlow A., The Kosovo Protection Corps. A critical study of its de-activation as a transition, Oslo 2010.

Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, Republic of Kosovo, Ministry of Local Government Administration, https://mapl.rks-gov.net/en/legjislacioni-dhe-politikat-en/kushtetuten-e-republikes-se-kosoves-en/.

Di Lellio A., Kraja G., Sexual violence in the Kosovo conflict: a lesson for Myanmar and the other ethnic cleansing campaigns, “International Politics”, 2021, no. 58.

Delia D., Sheremeti F., Women in the Kosovo War – Complexifying the discourse. Event Report, Berlin, 2 December 2019, https://polis180.org/blog/2019/12/05/report-teatime-women-in-the-kosovo-war/.

Domachowska A., Pawłowski K., Vjosa Osmani prezydentem Kosowa, “ Komentarze IEŚ”, no. 365 (62/2021), 8 kwietnia 2021, https://ies.lublin.pl/komentarze/vjosa-osmani-prezydentem-kosowa/.

Duhaček D. et al, Women’s Rights in Western Balkans, Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union, PE 608.852, European Parliament, 2019.

Duclos N., The DDR in Kosovo: collision and collusion among international administration and combatants, “Peacebuilding”, 2016, vol. 4, no. 1.

Edita Tahiri, Academia, https://harvard.academia.edu/editatahiri/CurriculumVitae.

E-international Relations, https://www.e-ir.info/2017/02/11/was-natos-decision-to-militarily-intervene-in-the-kosovo-war-a-last-resort/.

Gačanica L. et al, Women’s Rights in Western Balkans. Women in politics, gender-based violence and security for women human rights defenders in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia 2020, The Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation, Johanneshov 2020.

Gallagher T., The Balkans in the New Millennium. In the shadow of war and peace, New York-London 2007.

Halili X., Xhemajli H., Rehabilitation of victims of sexual violence of the Kosovo War, “Ohio North University Law Review”, 2020, vol. 46.

Key Cohen D., Female combatants and the perpetration of violence: Wartime rape in the Sierra Leone civil war, “World Politics”, 2013, vol. 65, no. 03.

Kosovo poised to elect Vjosa Osmani as a new president, 3 April 2021, TRT World, https://www.trtworld.com/europe/kosovo-poised-to-elect-vjosa-osmani-as-new-president-45583.

Koszel B., Konflikt na Bałkanach (1991-1999) a bezpieczeństwo europejskie, “Zeszyty Instytutu Zachodniego”, nr 16, Poznań 2000.

Krasniqi F., Was NATO’s decision to militarily intervene in the Kosovo War a ‘last resort’?, KWN: Elections proved the strength for women – efforts for equality continue, 05.03.2021, Kosovo Women’s Network, https://womensnetwork.org/kwn-elections-proved-the-strength-of-women-efforts-for-equality-continue/.

KWN Urges the new government to implement law on gender equality when appointing its cabinet, 20.03.2021, Kosovo Women’s Network, https://womensnetwork.org/kwn-urges-new-government-to-implement-law-on-gender-equality-when-appointing-its-cabinet/.

Latawski P., Smith M. A., The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of post-Cold War European security, Manchester and New York 2003.

Law No. 03/L-073 on General Elections in the Republic of Kosovo, The Assembly of Republic of Kosovo.

Marku H., No rewards for Kosovo’s women of war, Balkan Insight, https://balkaninsight.com/2013/12/18/no-rewards-for-kosovo-s-women-of-war/.

Mimoza Kusari-Lila holds an MBA from Duquesne University (Pittsburgh, PA). Vocal Europe, https://www.vocaleurope.eu/team/mimoza-kusari-lila/.

Mulaj K., Resisting an oppressive regime: The case of Kosovo Liberation Army, “Studies in Conflict & Terrorism”, 2008, vol. 31, no. 12.

NATO. NATO’s Role in Kosovo, https://www.nato.int/kosovo/history.htm.

Özerdem A., Lessons learned from the reintegration of former Kosovo Liberation Army combatants, “Development in Practice”, 2004, vol. 14, no. 3.

Pawłowski K., Przedterminowe wybory parlamentarne w Kosowie (cz. I): sukces demokratyzacji czy kolejna odsłona wewnętrznego kryzysu politycznego?, “Komentarze IEŚ”, no. 338 (35/2021), 23 lutego 2021, https://ies.lublin.pl/komentarze/przedterminowe-wybory-parlamentarne-w-kosowie-cz-i-sukces-demokracji-czy-kolejna-odslona-wewnetrznego-kryzysu-politycznego/.

Pitt Law Alumna Vjosa Osmani nominated by LDK candidate for prime minister of Kosovo, University of Pittsburgh, School of Law, https://www.law.pitt.edu/news/pitt-law-alumna-vjosa-osmani-nominated-ldk-candidate-prime-minister-kosovo.

President Atifete Jahjaga, 12 March 2012, Wilson Center, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/president-atifete-jahjaga.

Resolution 1160 (1998) adopted by the Security Council at its 3868th meeting on 31 March 1998.

Resolution 1199 (1998) adopted by the Security Council at its 3930th meeting on 23 September 1998.

Resolution 1203 (1998) adopted by the Security Council at its 3937th meeting on 24 October 1998.

Resolution 1244 (1999) adopted by the Security Council at its 4011th meeting on 10 June 1999.

Robinson J., Kosovo Ex-president Thaci denied release by Hague judge, 27 January 2021, Balkan Insight, https://balkaninsight.com/2021/01/27/kosovo-ex-president-thaci-denied-release-by-hague-judge/.

Reychler L., Langer A., Researching Peace Building Architecture, “Cahiers Internationale Betrekkingen En Vredesonderzoek”, 2006, vol. 75, no. 24.

Stephens V., (Re)rendering memories of the Kosovo Liberation Army: The silenced guerrilla of women, “Culture”, 2014, no. 5.

Subotić G., Zaharijević A., Women between war Scylla and nationalist Charybdis: Legal interpretations of sexual violence of former Yugoslavia, [in:] “Gender in Human Rights and Transitional Justice”, J. Lahai, K. Moyo (eds.), 2018.

Szeląg P., Activity of the UN Security Council with the Aim of Restoring Stability in Kosovo in 1998-199, “Academic Journal of International Studies”, 2013, vol. 2, no. 9.

Ukaj Elshani V., Legal Framework of conflict related sexual violence: the Kosovo case presented at the JMU-MWP 13th Graduate Symposium, EUI Florence, Italy, 7 April 2020.

Villellas Ariňo A., Redondo de la Morena G., An approach to the Kosovo post-war rehabilitation process from a gender perspective, “Quderns de construcció de pau”, Bellaterra 2017, no. 2.

Weller M., Peace Lost. The failure of conflict prevention in Kosovo, Leiden-Boston 2008.

Wille T., Representation and agency in diplomacy: How Kosovo came to agree to the Rambouillet accords, “Journal of International Relations and Development”, vol. 22, no. 4.

Zymberi L., Zogiani N., Women’s participation in decision-making in Kosovo, Kosovar Gender Studies Center, Pristina 2017.

PDF: Pobierz