International health security

Międzynarodowe bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne

Abstrakt: W artykule zaproponowano klasyfikację bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego jako jednego z pozamilitarnych wymiarów bezpieczeństwa drugiej generacji, zdeterminowanego bardziej procesami globalizacyjnymi niż końcem zimnej wojny (pierwsza generacja). Celem poznawczym artykułu jest identyfikacja i analiza elementów struktury międzynarodowego bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego, takich jak: 1) istota i specyfika sekurytyzacji zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego; 2) zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa zdrowia; 3) przedmiot odniesienia lub którego dotyczy; oraz 4) środki to zapewniające. Specyficzna dla tego wymiaru jest polityczna motywacja jego sekurytyzacji. W świecie wzajemnie powiązanych i globalnych mobilności istotne dla bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego jest zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju, preferowanych wartości, a co za tym idzie, zróżnicowanie wrażliwości i podatności krajowych systemów opieki zdrowotnej na zagrożenia transgraniczne.

Bibliografia:

1. A more secure world: Our shared responsibility, Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, New York 2004.

2. A safer future: Global public health security in the 21st century, Geneva 2007.

3. Acute public health events assessed by WHO Regional Offices for Africa, the Americas, and Europe under the International Health Regulations (2005), 2020 Report, WHO, Geneva, February 2022.

4. Aldis W., Health security as a public concept: A critical analysis, “Health Policy and Planning” 2008, vol. 23.

5. Annan K., Problems without passports, “Foreign Policy”, 9 November 2009.

6. ASEAN Post-2015 Health Development Agenda 2016-2020, Jakarta 2018.

7. Austin J.L., How to do things with words, Cambridge 1962.

8. Bade S., Jalea D., Twenty-five years of securitization theory. A corpus-based review, “Political Studies Review” 2022, vol. 14, no. 1.

9. Binczycka-Anholcer M., Imiołek A., Bioterroryzm jako jedna z form współczesnego terroryzmu, “Hygeia Public Health” 2011, vol. 46, no. 3.

10. Bond K., Health security or health diplomacy? Moving beyond semantic analysis to strengthen health systems and global cooperation, “Health Policy and Planning” 2008, vol. 23.

11. Booth K., Security and emancipation, “Review of International Studies” 1991, vol. 17, no. 4.

12. Bouskill A., Smith E., Global health and security. Threats and opportunities, Santa Monica CA 2019.

13. Bright Ch., Invasive species: pathogens of globalisation, “Foreign Policy” 1999, vol. 116.

14. Brown L., Redefining national security, Worldwatch Paper 14, Washington DC 1977.

15. Budowanie Europejskiej Unii Zdrowotnej: Zwiększenie odporności UE na transgraniczne zagrożenia zdrowia, COM(2020) 724.

16. Buzan B., Waever O., Macrosecuritization and security constellations: Reconsidering scale in securitization theory, “Review of International Studies” 2009, vol. 35, no. 2.

17. Buzan B., Waever O., Regions and powers. The structure of international security, Cambridge 2003.

18. Buzan B., Waever O., Wilde de J., Security. New framework for analysis, Boulder 1998.

19. Caballero-Anthony M., Health and human security challenges in Asia: New agendas for strengthening regional health governance, “Australian Journal of International Relations” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

20. Charbonneau B., The COVID-19 test of the United Nations Security Council, “International Journal” 2021, vol. 76, no. 1.

21. Critical theory, security, and emancipation, [in:] R.A. Denemark, R. Marlin-Bennett (eds.), The international studies encyclopaedia, vol. 2, Malden 2010.

22. DeLaet D., Whose interests is the securitization of health serving?, [in:] S. Rushton, J. Youde (eds.), The Routledge handbook of global health security, New York 2015.

23. Dillon M., Lobo-Guererro L., Biopolitics of security in the 21st century, “Review of International Studies” 2008, vol. 34.

24. Duarte D.E., Valenca M., Securitizing Covid-19? The politics of global health and the limits of the Copenhagen School, “Contexto International” 2021, vol. 43, no. 2.

25. Elbe S., Roemer-Mahler A., Long Ch., Medical countermeasures for national security: A new government role in the pharmaceuticalization of society, “Social Science and Medicine” 2015, vol. 131.

26. Elbe S., Should HIV/AIDS be securitized? The ethical dilemmas of linking HIV/AIDS and security, “International Studies Quarterly” 2006, vol. 50, no. 1.

27. Eleventh General Programme of Work, 2006-2015, WHO, A 59/25, 24 April 2006.

28. Emmers R., Securitization, [in:] A. Collins (ed.), Contemporary security studies, Oxford 2008.

29. Farrell A.M., Managing the dead in disaster response: A matter for health security in the Asia-Pacific region?, “Australian Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

30. Fidler D., Health as foreign policy: Between principle and power, “Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations” 2005, vol. 6, no. 2.

31. Fidler D., The challenges of global health governance, New York 2010.

32. Foucault M., The history of sexuality, vol. 1: The will to knowledge, London 1998.

33. Gliński A., Żmuda Z., Epidemie i pandemie chorób zakaźnych, “Życie Weterynaryjne” 2020, vol. 95, no. 9.

34. Gostin L., Ayala A., Global health security in an era of explosive pandemic potential, “Journal of National Security Law and Policy” 2017, vol. 9, no. 1.

35. Harman S., Global health governance, London 2012.

36. Human Development Report 1994, New York 1994.

37. Ifediora O.F., Aning K., West Africa’s ebola pandemic: Toward effective multilateral responses to health crises, “Global Governance” 2017, vol. 23.

38. International Health Regulations (1969), Third annotated edition, Geneva 1983.

39. International Health Regulations (2005), Second edition, Geneva 2008.

40. Jenkins Ch. et al., Global public health: A review and discussion of the concepts principles and roles of global public health in today’s society, “Global Policy” 2016, vol. 7, no. 3.

41. Kamradt-Scott A., Securing Indo-Pacific health security: Australia’s approach to regional health security, “Australian Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

42. Kaufman F.X., Sicherheit als soziologisches und socialpolitisches Problem, Stuttgart 1970.

43. Kickbusch I., Silberschmidt G., Buss P., Global health diplomacy: The need for new perspectives, strategic approaches and skills in global health, “Bulletin of the World Health Organization” 2007, vol. 85, no. 3.

44. Kięczkowska J., Bioterroryzm jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego, “TEKA of Political Science and International Relations” 2019, vol. 14, no. 1.

45. Koncepcja strategiczna NATO z 2010.

46. Konstytucja Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, Dz.U. 1948, no. 61, item 477.

47. Marzęda-Młynarska K., Globalne zarządzanie bezpieczeństwem żywnościowym na przełomie XX i XXI wieku, Lublin 2014.

48. Mathews-Tuchman J., Redefining security, “Foreign Affairs” 1989, vol. 68, no. 2.

49. Nkang O., Bassey O., Securitization of global health pandemic and reiterating the relevance of 2005 International Health Regulations: Covid-19 and human security in Africa, “African Journal of Empirical Research” 2022, vol. 3, no. 1.

50. Paris R., Human security. Paradigm shift or hot air?, “International Security” 2001, vol. 26, no. 2.

51. Peterson S., Epidemic disease and national security, “Security Studies” 2002, vol. 12, no. 2.

52. Pietraś M., Kategoria “bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne” w studiach bezpieczeństwa, [in:] H. Chałupczak et al. (eds.), Zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa w procesach globalizacji. Zagrożenia zdrowotne, Lublin–Zamość 2022.

53. Pietraś M., Pozimnowojenny paradygmat bezpieczeństwa in statu nascendi, “Sprawy Międzynarodowe”1997, no. 2.

54. Pobjie E., Covid-19 and the scope of the UN Security Council’s mandate to address non-traditional threats to international peace and security, MPIL Research Paper Series No. 2020-41, Heidelberg 2020.

55. Price-Smith A., The health of nations: Infectious disease, environmental change, and their effects on national security and development, Cambridge 2001.

56. Recent trends in official development assistance for health, OECD, Paris 2013.

57. Resolution 1308 (2000) adopted by the Security Council at its 4172nd meeting, on 17 July 2000, S /RES/1308 (2000).

58. Resolution 2177 (2014) adopted by the Security Council at its 7268th meeting, on 18 September 2014, S/RES/2177 (2014).

59. Resolution 2532 (2020) adopted by the Security Council on 1 July 2020, S/RES/2532 (2020).

60. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 10 September 2012, A/RES/66/290.

61. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 April 2020, A/RES/74/270.

62. Rockenschaub G., Pukkila J., Profili M., Towards health security. A discussion paper on recent health crises in the WHO European Region, Copenhagen 2007.

63. Roemer-Mahler A., Rushton S., Introduction: Ebola and International Relations, “Third World Quarterly” 2016, vol. 37, no. 3.

64. Rushton S., Global health security: Security for whom? Security from what?, “Political Studies” 2011, vol. 59, no. 4.

65. Searle J., Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language, Cambridge 1969.

66. Stażyk-Sulejewska, J., The role of international institutions during a pandemic, [in:] J. Itrich-Drabarek (ed.), Contemporary states and the pandemic, New York 2023

67. Stoett P., Framing bioinvasion: Biodiversity, climate change, governance, “Global Governance” 2010, vol. 16.

68. Stritzel H., Towards a theory of securitization: Copenhagen and beyond, “European Journal of International Relations” 2007, vol. 13, no. 3.

69. Surmacz B., Ewolucja współczesnej dyplomacji. Aktorzy, struktury, funkcje, Lublin 2015.

70. The global infectious disease threat and its implications for the United States, NIE 99-17D, January 2000.

71. The impact of AIDS on peace and security in Africa, Security Council, 4087th Meeting Monday, 10 January 2000, S/PV.4087

72. United Nations, General Assembly Resolution A /59/565.

73. Waever O., Securitization and desecuritization, [in:] R. Lipschutz (ed.), On security, New York 1995.

74. Weir L., Inventing global health security, 1994-2005, [in:] S. Rushton, J. Youde (eds.), The Routledge handbook of global health security, New York 2015.

75. Wright I., Are we at war? The politics of securitizing the coronavirus, “E-International Relations”, 10 January 2021.

76. Youde J., Global health governance in international society, “Global Governance” 2017, vol. 23.

77. Youde J., The securitization of health in the Trump era, “Australian Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

78. Yuk-pink Lo C., Thomas N., The macrosecuritization of antimicrobial resistance in Asia, “Australian Journal of International Affairs” 2018, vol. 72, no. 6.

PDF: Pobierz