NATO’s actions on the impact of climate change on security

Działania NATO wobec wpływu zmian klimatycznych na bezpieczeństwo

Abstrakt: Włączenie zagrożenia, jakim są zmiany klimatyczne, do architektury bezpieczeństwa redefiniuje rolę wojska i poszerza jego kompetencje o te związane z zapewnieniem bezpieczeństwa klimatycznego. W wielu państwach zaangażowanie wojska w walkę ze zmianami klimatu jest postrzegane jako niezbędne. Celem badań jest przedstawienie działań armii podejmowanych w obliczu zmian klimatycznych i mających wpływ na bezpieczeństwo państw NATO, bowiem wojskowa transformacja energetyczna stanowi współcześnie jedno z kluczowych wyzwań dla armii sojuszniczych. W badaniu uwzględniono cztery cechy diagnostyczne: adaptacja do nowych warunków środowiskowych, zrównoważony rozwój i zeroemisyjność, rozwój wiedzy i działalności szkoleniowej oraz współpraca w ramach partnerstwa. Zróżnicowanie strategii klimatycznych w wybranych państwach sojuszniczych zbadano za pomocą analizy porównawczej i krytyki strategicznych dokumentów z zakresu problematyki zmian klimatycznych i transformacji energetycznej sektora obronnego (m.in. strategii klimatycznych armii i cywilnych strategii w tym obszarze). Badanie umożliwi nakreślenie roli, jaką wojsko zaczyna powoli odgrywać w procesie transformacji energetycznej. Wyniki mogą przyczynić się do dyskusji na temat transformacji energetycznej w armiach NATO, bowiem ten proces w dalszym ciągu budzi spore kontrowersje i nie wszyscy pracownicy sektora obronnego zgadzają się z ekologizacją armii, oraz stać się przyczynkiem do szerszej debaty w zakresie niskoemisyjnych działań militarnych.

Bibliografia:

1. Barberini P., NATO Green Defence: From the 2014 Green Defence Framework to the 2021 Climate Change and Security Action Plan, [in:] G. Iacovino, M. Wigell (eds.), Innovative Technologies and Renewed Policies for Achieving a Greener Defence, Springer Dordrecht, 2022, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-024-2186-6_2.
2. Birnbaum M., Root T., S. Army unveils climate strategy as military prepares for climate change, “The Washington Post” 2022, no. 2, https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2022/02/10/army-military-green-climate-strategy/.
3. Breton , Dérèglements climatiques: Quelles conséquences sur les engagements opérationnels?, [in:] N. Regaud, A. Bastien, F. Gemenne, La guerre chaude. Enjeux stratégiques du changement climatique, Paris 2022, pp. 35–49, https://doi.org/10.3917/scpo.regau.2022.01.0035.
4. Briggs Ch.M., Climate security, risk assessment and military planning, “International Affairs” 2012, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 1049–1064, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01118.x.
5. Buhaug H. et al., Climate-driven risks to peace over the 21st century, “Climate Risk Management” 2023, no. 39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.10047.
6. Chang S.M., Chen B., Song Y., Militarization, renewable energy utilization, and ecological footprints: Evidence from RCEP economies, “Journal of Cleaner Production” 2023, no. 391.
7. Climate Change Act 2008, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents.
8. Conger J., Femia F., Werrell C. (eds.), Climate Security Plan for America, A Presidential Plan for Combating the Security Risks of Climate Change, Washington 2019.
9. Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, Industrial Strategy: Building a Britain Fit for the Future, London 2017, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/industrial-strategy-building-a-britain-fit-for-the-future.
10. Department of the Army, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy and Environment, United States Army Climate Strategy, Washington 2022.
11. Depledge D., Low-carbon warfare: climate change, net zero and military operations, “International Affairs” 2023, vol. 99, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad001.
12. Direction Générale de L’Armement, Focus véhicules blindés GRIFFON et Jaguar, Paris 2022, https://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/dga/022_dossier_Griffon_Jaguar.pdf
13. Goodman, Kertysova K., NATO: An unexpected driver of climate action?, NATO Review, https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2022/02/01/nato-an-unexpected-driver-of-climate-action/index.html.
14. Haliżak, Czaputowicz J. (eds.), Theory of realism in the science of international relations: assumptions and research applications, Warsaw 2014.
15. Her Majesty Treasury, Build Back Better: our plan for growth, United Kingdom 2021, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/build-back-better-our-plan-for-growth.
16. Jankowski D.P., NATO: climate change and security, “International Analysis” 2022, vol. 1, no. 3.
17. Jayaram D., Brisbois M.C., Aiding or undermining? The military as an emergent actor in global climate governance, “Earth System Governance” 2021, vol. 1, no. 9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2021.100107.
18. Khan A. et al., Geopolitical risk, economic uncertainty, and militarization: Significant agents of energy consumption and environmental quality, “Environmental Impact Assessment Review” 2023, no. 102.
19. Kochanek E., Wielowymiarowość interesów energetycznych w dobie transformacji systemowej, Warsaw 2021.
20. Koubi V., Climate Change and Conflict, “Annual Review of Political Science” 2019, no. 22, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070830.
21. Le Ministère de la Transition écologique et de la Cohésion des territoires, Stratégie Nationale Bas-Carbone, 2020, https://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2020-03 25_MTES_SNBC2.pdf.
22. Le Ministère des Armées, Climate & Defence Strategy, 2022, https://www.defense.gouv.fr/ministere/politique-defense/strategie-climat-defense.
23. Lippert T.H., NATO, Climate Change, and International Security: A Risk Governance Approach, Chicago 2019.
24. Lorenz, NATO’s new strategy – how to restore the priority of collective defence, “PISM Policy Paper” 2021, vol. 192, no. 6, https://pism.pl/publikacje/Nowa_strategia_NATO__jak_przywrocic_priorytet_kolektywnej_obronie.
25. MachJ. et al., Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict, “Nature” 2019, no. 571, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6.
26. Machi V., French military eyes tech solutions to deal with climate change, DefenseNews.com, June 2022, https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/06/10/french-military-eyes-tech-solutions-to-deal-with-climate-change/.
27. Ministry of Defence and The Rt Hon Jeremy Quin MP, Army’s Solar Farms support commitment to Sustainability, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/armys-solar-farms-support-commitment-to-sustainability.
28. Ministry of Defence, Climate Change and Sustainability Strategic Approach, United Kingdom 2021, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/605ddbbe8fa8f5047d3a851e/20210326_Climate_Change_Sust_Strategy_v1.pdf.
29. Mlynarski T., French energy policy and security, “TEKA of Political Science and International Relations” 2014, no. 9, http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/teka.2014.0.9.51.
30. National Intelligence Estimate, Climate Change and International Responses Increasing Challenges to US National Security Through 2040, 2021, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/NIE_Climate_Change_and_National_Security.pdf.
31. NATO Adopts Climate Change Actions for 2030, https://sdg.iisd.org/news/nato-adopts-climate-change-actions-for-2030/.
32. NATO steps up work on climate change and security, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_217212.htm.
33. NATO, NATO 2022 Strategic Concept, Spain 2022, https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2022/6/pdf/290622-strategic-concept.pdf.
34. NATO, NATO Climate Change and Security Impact Assessment. The Secretary General’s Report, Second Edition, Brussels 2023.
35. NATO, The Secretary General’s Annual Report 2022, Belgium 2023.
36. Pacte vert et paquet climat: l’UE vise la neutralité climatique dès 2050, https://www.vie-publique.fr/eclairage/272297-pacte-vert-et-paquet-climat-lue-vise-la-neutralite-carbone-des-2050.
37. Parkinson S., Cottrell L., Estimating the Military’s Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions, “Scientists for Global Responsibility (SGR) and the Conflict and Environment Observatory”, November 2022.
38. Pata Ugur K. et al., Militarization of NATO countries sparks climate change? Investigating the moderating role of technological progress and financial development, “Journal of Cleaner Production” 2023, no. 409.
39. Regulation European Union 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing a framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (European climate law), OJ L 243, pp. 1–17, https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/eur204009.pdf.
40. Rico G., NATO and Climate Change: A Climatized Perspective on Security. Report 2022, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Cambridge 2022,
    https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/Belfer%20Nato_Climate%20Change_VF_1.pdf.
41. Ruszel M., Mlynarski T., Szurlej A., Energy Policy Transition – The Perspective of Different States, Rzeszów 2017.
42. Shea, NATO and Climate Change: Better Late Than Never, “Policy Brief” 2022, no. 3, https://www.gmfus.org/news/nato-and-climate-change-better-late-never. [15.11.2023].
43. Ślusarczyk J., Environmental protection in NATO policy, “Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces” 2023, vol. 55, no. 2(208).
44. The Center for Naval Analyses, National Security And The Threat Of Climate Change, Alexandria (CNA) 2007.
45. Vogler A., Barking up the tree wrongly? How national security strategies frame climate and other environmental change as security issues, “Political Geography” 2023, no. 105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102893.

Work begins on the first Solar Carport at Army Headquarters, https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2021/08/the-first-solar-carport-at-army-headquarters/.

PDF: Pobierz