Partnerstwo Wschodnie po 10 latach: sukces czy porażka, realizm czy iluzja?

Beata Piskorska

ORCID: Beata Piskorska: 0000-0002-9089-5156

Strony: 9-39

Wydanie: Lublin 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.2.1

Sposób cytowania: B. Piskorska, Partnerstwo Wschodnie po 10 latach: sukces czy porażka, realizm czy iluzja?, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 17 (2019), z. 2, s. 9-39, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2019.2.1.

Słowa kluczowe: , , , ,

Keywords: , , , ,

Abstrakt: It has been ten years since Poland and Sweden proposed the Eastern Partnership project, which was subsequently adopted on 7 May 2009 by the EU Council at the Prague Summit as the official policy of the European Union. It is a component of the broader EU foreign policy – the European Neighbourhood Policy, which was created in 2004. During this time, the EU has developed many forms of dialogue and cooperation with the six countries covered by the programme. Half of the countries have signed and started to implement new agreements to strengthen their relations. However, the Eastern Partnership is currently undergoing a serious test. Today, the biggest challenge of fundamental importance is the ongoing armed conflict in eastern Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea by Russia, which is a sign of a return to geopolitics in the region. These events have significantly changed the outlook and conditions under which the Eastern Partnership is implemented. Therefore, it is worth trying to answer a few research questions: has the Partnership proved to be a useful tool for attracting beneficiary countries to the EU? Have the initial and long-term objectives been achieved? Finally, is the project worth strengthening and continuing? The article will analyse the specificity of the programme, including strategic goals and their evolution, and attempt to assess the implementation of assumptions and instruments from the point of view of the research approach, which is the transformational power of the EU.

Bibliografia:

Barburska O., Polityka wschodnia Unii Europejskiej jako część składowa polityki zagranicznej UE, Warszawa 2019.
Bildt C., Sikorski R., Persisting towards a Europe without dividing lines, „New Eastern Europe” 2019, issue 3-4.
Blockmans S., The Eastern Partnership at 10: the road to hell is paved with good intentions, „CEPS in Brief”, 6.05.2019, https://www.ceps.eu/the-eastern-partnership-at-10/ [26.07.2019].
Cenus?a D., EU policy on strengthening resilience in Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia. Between the rule of law and oligarchic influence, „CEPS Papers in Liberty and Security in Europe” 2019, no. 2. Commission of the European Communities, Eastern Partnership, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM(2008), 823/4, Brussels, 3.12.2008, http://eapereg.org/attachments/article/198/EaP%20Brussels%202008.pdf [17.07.2019].
Commission of the European Communities, European Neighbourhood Policy Strategy Paper, Communication from the Commission, COM(2004) 373 final, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/2004_communication_from_the_commission_-_european_neighbourhood_policy_-_strategy_paper.pdf [17.07.2019].
Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum, Eastern Partnership Index 2017.
Charting Progress in European Integration, Democratic Reforms, and Sustainable Development, December 2018, https://eap-csf.eu/easternpartnership-index/#section-fillup-1 [3.08.2019].
EU Neighbours East, Opinion Survey 2018: Regional Overview, 3rd Wave (Spring 2018), OPEN Neighbourhood – Communicating for a stronger partnership: connecting with citizens across the Eastern Neighbourhood, June 2018, https://www.euneighbours.eu/sites/default/files/publications/201807/EU%20NEIGHBOURS%20east_AnnualSurvey2018report_EaPOverview.pdf [26.07.2019].
EU NEIGHBOURSeast, https://www.euneighbours.eu/en/east/eu-in-action/eap10 [3.08.2019].
European Commission, 20 Deliverables for 2020: State of play in 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/eap_deliverables_factsheet_2018.pdf [20.07.2019].
European Commission, A New Response to a Changing Neighbourhood, Brussels, 25.05.2011 COM(2011) 303 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0303 [19.07.2019].
European Commission, Commission reports on fulfilment of visa-free requirements by Western Balkans and Eastern Partnership countries, Brussels, 19.12.2018, Press release, https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-6819_en.htm [5.08.2019].
European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument, COM(2018)460, 14.06.2018, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2018%3A460%3AFIN [26.07.2019].
European Commission, Review of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), Brussels, 18.11.2015 JOIN(2015) 50 final, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/neighbourhood/pdf/keydocuments/151118_joint-communication_review-of-the-enp_en.pdf [19.07.2019].
European Commission, Second report under the visa suspension mechanism, Brussels, 19.12.2018, COM(2018) 856 final, https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/20181219_com-2018-856-report_en.pdf [5.08.2019].
European Commission, The EU’s Association Agreements with Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine, Memo, Brussels, 23.06.2014, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-re-lease_MEMO-14-430_en.htm [5.08.2019].
European Commission, EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA), Brussels, 25.9.2017 JOIN(2017), 37 final, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eu-armenia_comprehensive_and_enhanced_partnership_agreement_cepa.pdf [5.08.2019].
European Council, Council of the European Union, Celebrating 10 years of the Eastern Partnership, 10.05.2019, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/pl/press/press-releases/2019/05/10/celebrating-10-years-of-the-easternpartnership/[26.07.2019].
European Council, Council of the European Union, Eastern Partnership Foreign Ministers meeting, 13.05.2019, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-ministerial-meetings/2019/05/13/ [17.07.2019].
European External Action Service, EU revises the 20 key deliverables for 2020 for the Eastern Partnership, 13.06.2017, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/28117/eu-revises-20-key-deliverables-2020-eastern-partnership_en [20.07.2019].
European External Action Service, Joint Declaration of the Eastern Partnership Summit, Riga, 21-22.05.2015, http://eeas.europa.eu/eastern/docs/riga-declaration-220515-final_en.pdf [20.07.2019].
European External Action Service, Partnership Priorities between the EU and Azerbaijan reinforce the bilateral agenda, Bruxelles, 11.07.2018, Press releases, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/48244/partnership-priorities-between-eu-and-azerbaijan-reinforcebilateral-agenda_en [5.08.2019].
European External Action Service, Top 10 achievements of the Eastern Partnership in the last ten years, Brussels, 10.05.2019, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/factsheet_eap_10_years_2019.pdf [5.08.2019].
European Integration Index for Eastern Partnership Countries, International Renaissance Foundation in cooperation with the Open Society Foundation, November 2011, https://eap-csf.eu/wp-content/uploads/European-Integration-Index_2011.pdf [3.08.2019].
European Parliament’s Committee on Foreign Affairs, The state of implementation of the associations and free trade agreements with Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova with a particular focus on Ukraine and systemic analysis of key sectors, 16.12.2017, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/603836/EXPO_STU(2017)603836_EN.pdf [5.08.2019].
Freedom House, Nations in Transit, https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/nations-transit-2018 [3.08.2019].
Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2018, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018 [4.08.2019].
Grabbe H., The EU’s Transformative Power. Europeanisation through Conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe, London 2005.
Grosse T. G., Geopolityka Unii Europejskiej. Przykład wschodniego wymiaru Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa, „Przegląd Natoliński. Nowa Europa” 2010, nr 1.
Gylfason T., Martínez-Zarzoso I., Wijkman P. M., Free Trade Agreements, Institutions and the Exports of Eastern Partnership Countries, „Journal of Common Market Studies” 2015, vol. 53, no. 6.
Jarbik B., Eastern Partnership at 10. Rhetoric, resources and Russia, „New Eastern Europe” 2019, issue 3-4.
Jaroszewicz M., Komisja Europejska za zmianą zasad finansowania polityki sąsiedztwa, „Analizy OSW”, 6.06.2018, https://www.osw.waw.pl/pl/publikacje/analizy/2018-06-06/komisja-europejska-za-radykalna-zmianazasad-finansowania-polityki [27.07.2019].
Council of the European Union, Joint Declaration of the Eastern Partnership Summit, Brussels, 24.11.2017, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/31758/final-statement-st14821en17.pdf [20.07.2019].
Eastern Partnership Index, http://eap-index.eu [20.07.2019].
Jones A., De Groof E., Kahiluoto J., Governing New Broad Instrument for EU External Action: the ins and outs of the institutional power struggle, „Briefing Note” 2018, no. 107, https://ecdpm.org/wp-content/uploads/BN107-Governing-a-new-broad-instrument-for-EU-external-action-ECDPM-December-2018.pdf [26.07.2019].
Konon´czuk W., Kakachia K., Oligarchs in Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia as key obstacles to reforms, 24.05.2017, http://www.3dcftas.eu/system/tdf/Oligarchs_14%20June_FINAL_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=358%20 [5.08.2019].
Leonard M., Europe’s Transformative Power, „CER Bulletin” 2005, no. 40, http://www.cer.org.uk/publications/archive/bulletin-article/2005/europes-transformative-power [17.07.2019].
Lucas E., A Decade of the Eastern Partnership, Center for European Policy Analysis, 13.05.2019, https://www.cepa.org/a-decade-of-the-eastern-partnership [3.08.2019].
Maszkiewicz M., Resetting the Eastern Partnership, „New Eastern Europe” 2019, issue 3-4.
Nitoiu C., Sus M., Introduction: The Rise of Geopolitics in the EU’s Approach in its Eastern Neighbourhood, „Geopolitics” 2019, vol. 24, issue 1.
Nixey J., The Eastern Partnership at 10. What is there to celebrate?, „New Eastern Europe” 2019, issue 3-4.
Pełczyńska-Nałęcz K., Integracja czy imitacja? UE wobec wschodnich sąsiadów, „Prace OSW” 2011, nr 36, https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/prace_36_0.pdf [17.07.1019].
Piskorska B., Soft power w polityce Unii Europejskiej wobec państwa Partnerstwa Wschodniego, Lublin 2017.
Prodi R., A Wider Europe – A Proximity Policy as the key to stability, wystąpienie na „Peace, Security And Stability – International Dialogue and the Role of the EU” Sixth ECSA-World Conference w Brukseli (5-6.12.2002), http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/02/619&format=PDF&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en [19.07.2019].
Regulation (eu) no 232/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 march 2014 establishing a European Neighbourhood Instrument, 15.3.2014, Official Journal of the European Union L 77/27, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/enp-regulation-11032014_en_0.pdf.
Sasse G., Lessons learnt from the Eastern Partnership, „New Eastern Europe” 2019, issue 3-4.
Stępniewski T., Partnerstwo Wschodnie Unii Europejskiej: między realizmem a rozczarowaniem, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 2012, R. 10, z. 2.
Strzałkowski M., Szczyt Partnerstwa Wschodniego w 10. rocznicę jego powołania, 14.05.2019, EurActiv.pl, https://www.euractiv.pl/section/polityka-zagraniczna/news/szczyt-partnerstwa-wschodniego-w-10-rocznicejego-powolania/ [26.07.2019].
Sus M., Unia Europejska jako siła transformacyjne na Wschodzie w latach 2009-2013. Przypadek Ukrainy, „Zeszyty Natolińskie” 2014, nr 56.
Szeptycki A. Europa Wschodnia i Kaukaz Południowy: nihil novi, „Rocznik Strategiczny” 2017/2018, issue 23.
The Institute for European Policies and Reforms (IPRE), 20 Deliverables for 2020 for the Eastern Partnership – 2018 State of Play on Moldova, 19.12.2018, https://ipre.md/2018/12/19/20-de-rezultate-ale-parteneriatului-esticcatre-2020-bilantul-anului-pentru-moldova/?lang=en [20.07.2019].
The Struggle for Good Governance in Eastern Europe, ed. M. Emerson, D. Cenu?ă, T. Kovziridze, V. Movchan, Brussels–London 2018.
Transformation Index BTI 2018, ed. Bertelsmann Stiftung, https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/imported/leseprobe/LP_978-3-86793-797-9_1.pdf [3.08.2019].
Treaty on the European Union, „Official Journal of the European Union”, C83/15, 30.03.2010, http://eur-lex.eu [17.07.2019].
Tristl Ch., Bachmann V., European Self-Perceptions: The EU’s Geopolitical Identity and Role in Official Documents and Speeches, [w:] Perception of the EU in Eastern Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Looking from the Outside, eds. V. Bachmann, M. Müller, Springer 2019.
Ukraine’s Implementation of 20 Eastern Partnership Deliverables for 2020, Monitoring by the Ukrainian national platform of the EaP Civil Society Platform State of Play as of 1 September 2018, https://www.civic-synergy.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Ukraine-s-Implementation-of-20-Eastern-Partnership-Deliverables-for-2020.pdf [20.07.2019].

Słowa kluczowe: , , , ,