East-Central Europe: re-focusing the debate

Redakcja zeszytu: Anna Visvizi, Colette Mazzucelli

ISSN: 1732-1395

e-ISSN: 2719-2911

Liczba stron: 232

Wydawca: Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

Wydanie: Lublin 2017

Artykuły

Artykuł

East-Central Europe between German Semi-Hegemony and Brexit

Liczba wyświetleń: 1127
The paper examines the prospects for the East-Central region in the European Union (EU) in terms of their ability to actively contribute towards the EU’s policy agenda given Germany’s current dominant position and the forthcoming British exit from the EU (Brexit). The East-Central member states have struggled to emerge from the predominantly passive policy-taker position they adopted after EU accession towards a more active role. The paper examines to what extent this ambition is undermined by the trend towards democratic backsliding in the region and the more recent positioning of the Visegrad Group (V4) in opposition to their traditional close ally Germany.

Ch. Schweiger, ‘East-Central Europe between German Semi-Hegemony and Brexit’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 7-34.

Agh, A., ‘Ten Years of Catching-Up Story in the European Union: Differentiated Integration and Multilevel Governance in ECE’, in: Agh, A., Kaiser,T., Koller, B. (eds.), 10 Years After: Multi-Level Governance and Differentiated Integration in the EU, Budapest, Blue Ribbon Research Centre, 2014, pp. 31-61.
Agh, A., ‘The Increasing Core-Periphery Divide and New Member States: Diverging from the European Union’s Mainstream Developments’, in: Magone, J.M., Laffan, B., Schweiger, C. (eds.), Core-Periphery Relations in the European Union, Oxon: Routledge, 2016, pp. 117-129.
Arrak, A., ‘Estonia: From a Bubble to Austerity’, in: Novotny, V. (ed.), From Reform to Growth: Managing Economic Crisis in Europe, Brussels: Centre for European Studies, 2013, pp. 133-152.
Aslund, A., The Last shall be the First: The East European Financial Crisis, Washington: Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2010.
Auer, S., ‘Will the centre hold?: Germany, Ireland and Slovakia and the crisis of the European project,’ in: Magone, J.M., Laffan, B., Schweiger, C. (eds.), Core-Periphery Relations in the European Union: Power and Conflict in a Dualist Political Economy, Oxon: Routledge, 2016, pp. 72-86.
Barysch, K., ‘East versus West? The EU economy after enlargement’, Policy Analysis, 2006, Centre for European Reform. Borzel, T.A., ‘Europeanization: How the European Interacts with its Member States’, in: Bulmer, S., Lequesne, C. (eds.), The Member States of the European Union, Oxford: University Press, 2005, pp. 25-44.
Bojkov, V.D., ‘Neither here, nor there: Bulgaria and Romania in current European politics’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4, 2004, pp. 509-522.
Bruter, M., ‘The Difficult Emergence of a European People’, in: Hayward, J., Wurzel, R. (eds.), European Disunion: Between Sovereignty and Solidarity, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 17-31.
Bulmer, S., Jeffery, C., Paterson, W.E., Germany’s European diplomacy: Shaping the regional milieu, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
Bulmer, S., Paterson, W.E., ‘Germany as the EU’s Reluctant Hegemon? Of Economic Strength and Political Constraints’, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 20, No. 10, 2013, pp. 1387-1405.
Bulmer, S., Paterson, W.E., ‘Germany and the Crisis: Asset or Liability?’, in: Dinan, D., Nugent, N., Paterson, W.E. (eds.), The European Union in Crisis, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2017, pp. 212-232.
Court of Justice of the European Union, Press Release No 88/17, 26 July 2017, https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2017-07/cp170088en.pdf [2017-07-28].
Csaba, L., ‘Double Talk—The Political Economy of the Eastward Enlargement of the EU’, INTERECONOMICS, September/October, 2001, p. 235.
Dimitrov, V., ‘The Central and East European Countries: From Weak Latecomers to Good Citizens of the Union’, in: Hayward, J., Wurzel, R. (eds.), European Disunion: Between Sovereignty and Solidarity, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012, pp. 298-313.
Dostal, V., ‘New “Intermarium”: What Poland wants from Visegrad?’, Policy, 5 June 2016, GLOBSEC Policy Institute, http://www.cepolicy.org/publications/new-intermarium-what-poland-wants-visegrad [2017-07-26].
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), ‘Democracy Index 2016: Revenge of the “Deplorables”’, http://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016 [2017-07-24].
Elysee, Déclaration d’Emmanuel Macron—recontre Libye, 26 July 2017, http://www.elysee.fr/declarations/article/declaration-d-emmanuel-macron-rencontre-libye/ [2017-07-28].
European Commission, ‘Enlargement of the European Union: A Historic Opportunity’, 2001, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/archives/pdf/press_corner/publications/corpus_en.pdf, p. 14, [2017-07-22].
European Commission, ‘The Transitional Arrangement or the Free Movement of Workers from the New Member States Following Enlargement of the European Union on 1 May 2004’, 2004, http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=144&langId=en [2017-07-22].
European Commission, ‘European Cohesion Policy 1988-2008’, inforegio panorama, 26 Jun 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/panorama/pdf/mag26/mag26_en.pdf, p. 18, [2017-07-22].
European Commission, ‘The Cohesion Fund at a Glace’, 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/funds/procf/cf_en.htm [2017-07-22].
European Commission, ‘European Semester Thematic Factsheet: Social Inclusion’, 2016, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/european-semester_thematic-factsheet_social_inclusion_en.pdf, p. 6, [2017-07-22].
Eurostat Definition, ‘Severely materially deprived people’, 2016, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/web/table/description.jsp [2017-07-24].
European Commission, Standard Eurobarometer 86 Autumn 2016: Public Opinion in the European Union, December 2016, http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/79408, p. 81, [2017-07-24].
Filipowicz, M., ‘The idea of East-Central Europe and its role in shaping the logic behind Eastern Partnership’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 14, No. 6, 2016, p. 72.
Fischer, J., ‘From Confederacy to Federation: Thoughts on the Finality of European Integration’, 12 May 2000, http://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do?docId=192161&cardId=192161 [2017-07-25].
Galgoczi, B., ‘Boom and bust in Central and Eastern Europe: Lessons on the sustainability of an externally financed growth model’, Journal of Contemporary European Research, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2009, pp. 614-625.
Galgoczi, B., ‘The Tale of Two Peripheries in a Divided Europe’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2014, pp. 359-369.
A. Giddens, Turbulent and Mighty Continent: What Future for Europe?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Goetz, K.H., ‘The New Member States and the EU: Responding to Europe’, in: Bulmer, S., Lequesne, C. (eds.), The Member States of the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 254-285.
Grabbe, H., Barysch, K., ‘Who’s Ready for EU enlargement?’, Policy Analysis, 2012, Centre for European Reform.
Hancke, B., ‘Varieties of European Capitalism and their Transformation’, in: Jones, E., Heywood, P.M., Rhodes, M., Sedelmeier, U. (eds.), Developments in European Politics 2, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2nd edition, 2011, pp. 155-172.
Handl, V., Paterson, W.E., ‘The continuing relevance of Germany’s engine for CEE and the EU’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2013, pp. 327-333.
Haughton, T., ‘Central and Eastern Europe: The Sacrifices of Solidarity, the Discomfort of Diversity, and the Vexations of Vulnerabilities’, in: Dinan, D., Nugent, N., Paterson, W.E. (eds.), The European Union in Crisis, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2016, pp. 253-268.
Hyde-Price, A., Germany and European Order: Enlarging NATO and the EU, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
Janning, J., ‘What Future for the Weimar Triangle?’, Research Note, 11 February 2016, European Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_what_future_for_the_weimar_triangle5097 [2017-07-26].
Koller, B., ‘Unity in a „Different Way” or the New Logic of EU Integration: The Special Focus on the Post-Enlargement Period of ECE Countries’, in: Agh, A., Kaiser, T., Koller, B. (eds.), 10 Years After: Multi-Level Governance and Differentiated Integration in the EU, Budapest: Blue Ribbon Research Centre, pp. 62-83.
Kundani, H., The Paradox of German Power, London: C. Hurst & Co., 2014.
Kvist, J., ‘Does EU enlargement start a race to the bottom? Strategic interaction among EU member states in social policy’, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2004, pp. 301-318.
Lord Ashcroft Polls, ‘How the United Kingdom Voted on Thursday … and Why’, 24 June 2016, http://lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ [2017-07-24].
Magone, J.M., ‘From “superficial” to “Coercive” Europeanization in Southern Europe: The Lack of Ownership of National Reforms’, in: Magone, J.M., Laffan, B., Schweiger, C. (eds.), Core-Periphery Relations in the European Union: Power and Conflict in a Dualist Political Economy, Oxon: Routledge, 2016, pp. 87-98.
Manolopoulos, J., Greece’s ‘Odious’ Debt: The Looting of the Hellenic Republic by the Euro, the Political Elite and the Investment Community, London: Anthem Press, 2011.
Mikulova, K., ‘Central Europe’s Pivot to Germany: What does the U.S. Stand to Gain’, Huffington Post, 1 May 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kristina-mikulova/central-europes-pivot-to-_b_3194342.html [2017-07-25].
Nugent, N., ‘The Crisis and the EU’s Institutions, Political Actors, and Processes’, in: Dinan, D., Nugent, N., Paterson, W.E. (eds.), The European Union in Crisis, London: Palgrave, 2017, pp. 167-187.
Orban, V., State of the Union Address, 10 February 2017 [2017-07-26].
Paterson, W.E., ‘The Reluctant Hegemon? Germany Moves Centre Stage in the European Union’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 49, Annual Review, 2011, pp. 57-75.
Paterson, W.E., ‘Germany and the European Union’, in: Padgett, S., Paterson, W.E., Zohlnhöfer, R. (eds.) Developments in German Politics 4, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2014, pp. 166-187.
Pinotti, P., ‘The Economic Costs of Organised Crime: Evidence from Southern Italy’, The Economic Journal, Vol. 125, No. 586 (August), 2012, pp. F203-F232.
Sedelmeier, U., ‘Enlargement: Constituent Policy and Tools for External Governance’, in: Wallace, H., Pollack, M.A., Young, A.R. (eds.), Policy-Making in the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 407-435.
SPD/Bündnis90-DieGrünen Coalition Agreement, 20 October 1998, https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Beschluesse/Bundesparteitag/koalitionsvertrag_bundesparteitag_bonn_1998.pdf, p. 42, [2017-07-22].
Schroder, G., Statement on the Nice European Council, 19 January 2001.
Schweiger, C., Exploring the EU’s Legitimacy Crisis: The Dark Heart of Europe, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2016.
Sikorski, R., ‘Poland and the Future of the European Union’, Speech delivered in Berlin, 28 November 2011, http://www.mfa.gov.pl/resource/33ce6061-ec12-4da1-a145-01e2995c6302:JCR [2017-07-25].
Stiglitz, J., The Euro and its Threat to the Future of Europe, London: Penguin, 2016.
Streeck, W., ‘Scenario for a Wonderful Tomorrow’, London Review of Books, Vol. 38, No. 7, 31 March 2016, pp. 7-10, https://www.lrb.co.uk/v38/n07/wolfgang-streeck/scenario-for-a-wonderful-tomorrow [2017-07-10].
Suplanta, M., ‘The Visegrad battlegroup: Building new capabilities for the region’, Policy Brief, 2013, Central European Policy Institute Bratislava (CEPI).
Toro, C., Butler, E., Gruber, C., ‘Visegrad: The evolving pattern of coordination and partnership after EU enlargement’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 66, No. 3, 2014, pp. 364-394.
Vinocur, N., De La Baume, M., ‘Macron’s EU charm offensive stops at Eastern Europe’, Politico, 23 June 2017, http://www.politico.eu/article/france-president-emmanuel-macrons-eu-charm-offensive-stops-at-eastern-europevisegrad/[2017-08-11].
Visegrad Group, Joint Statement by the Prime Ministers of the V4 Countries on Migration, Budapest, 19 July 2017, http://www.visegradgroup.eu/calendar/v4-declaration-on [2017-07-28].
Visvizi, A., Tokarski, P., ‘Poland and the Euro: Between Lock-In and Unfinished Transition’, Society and Economy, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2014, pp. 445-468.
Webber, D., ‘Can the EU Survive’‚ in: Dinan, D., Nugent, N., Paterson, W.E. (eds.), The European Union in Crisis, Basingstoke: Palgrave Mac-Millan, 201, pp. 336-359.
Zbytniewska, K., ‘Trans-Europe Express: The Foundations of Fortress’, EURACTIV, 26 May 2017, http://www.euractiv.com/section/all/news/trans-europe-express-the-foundations-of-fortress-poland/ [2017-07-26].

Artykuł

Central and Eastern Europe on the Eurasian Chessboard in the Global Century

Liczba wyświetleń: 1017
This article focuses on the present shift of global power eastward and the significance of this evolution for Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in terms of an emerging multipolarity in the international relations of the 21st century. The analysis underlines China’s geopolitical interests in the CEE region, notably, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), as well as the resurgence of American isolationism under the administration of President Donald Trump. As two active geostrategic players, Russia and China, jockey for position, the expansion of Chinese investment westward to CEE states occurs at a time of nationalist-populist challenges to democracy from the far right of the political spectrum in the member states of the European Union (EU). The much-needed funding offered for infrastructure projects in CEE countries has a positive developmental impact, and yet in an area struggling with the legacy of Soviet communism, the spread of Chinese influence is likely to conflict with the forces of liberal democracy. The potential for an ideological clash is significant as the EU struggles to identify a 21st century narrative that captures the imagination of citizens across the continent, especially those in the younger generations without the experience or recollection of the post-World War II era.

C. Mazzucelli, P.C. Saunders, Z. Ma, ‘Central and Eastern Europe on the Eurasian Chessboard in the Global Century’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 35-55.

Bordoff, J., and Houser T., ‘American Gas to the Rescue? The Impact of US LNG Exports on European Security and Russia Foreign Policy’, The Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University, Septemeber 2014.
Bremmer, I., ‘Superpower: Three Choices for America’s Role in the World’, New York: Portfolio, 2016.
Brzezinski, Z., The Grand Chessboard, New York: Basic Books, 2016, pp. 217-218.
Brzezinski Z., ‘Introductory Statement on NATO Enlargement’, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 10 October 1997.
Brzezinski Z., ‘A Plan for Europe: How to Expand NATO’, Foreign Affairs, January/February 1995, p. 31.
Carden, J., ‘The Good Society Realism of Zbigniew Brzezinski’, The American Conservative, 13 December 2013, http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-good-society-realism-of-zbigniew-brzezinski/ [2017-07-30].
Chomsky, N., ‘The Unipolar Moment and the Obama Era’, Text of lecture given at Nezahualcóyotl Hall, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University City, Federal District, Mexico, 21 September 2009, https://chomsky.info/200909211-2/ [2017-07-30].
Chunting, L., ‘Poland demonstrates interest in Chinese nuclear power. Can Chinese corporations make another success in its entrance to the European market?’ (‘波兰向中国核电抛出绣球,中企进军欧洲能否再下一城?’), Yicai.com, SMG, 24 July 2017.
Coyer, P., ‘China’s Expanding Reach and Growing Influence in Central & Eastern Europe’, Forbes, 2 August 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/paulcoyer/2015/08/02/chinas-expanding-reach-and-growing-influencein-central-eastern-europe/2/#361ae42368c8 [2017-07-30].
Duchene, F., ‘The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence’, in: Kohnstam, M., Hager, W. (eds.), A Nation Writ Large? Foreign-Policy Problems before the European Community, London: Macmillan, 1973, p. 19.
De Ménil, L.P., Who Speaks for Europe? The Vision of Charles de Gaulle, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977.
Fletcher, M., ‘Is Hungary the EU’s first rogue state? Viktor Orban and the long march from freedom’, New Statesman, 1 August 2017, http://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2017/08/hungary-eus-first-roguestate-viktor-orban-and-long-march-freedom [2017-07-30].
Goldberg, J., ‘World Chaos and World Order: Conversations with Henry Kissinger’, The Atlantic, 10 November 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/11/kissinger-order-and-chaos/506876/[2017-07-30].
Hoffmann, S., The European Sisyphus: Essays on Europe, 1964-1994, Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.
Hoffmann, S., Decline or Renewal? France Since the 1930s, New York: The Viking Press, 1974.
Kissinger, H., World Order, New York: Penguin Press, 2014.
Kissinger, H., ‘Expand NATO Now’, The Washington Post, 19 December 1994.
Krauthammer, C., ‘The Unipolar Moment’, Foreign Affairs, 1 January 1990, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1991-02-01/unipolar-moment [2017-07-30].
Krauthammer, C., ‘The Unipolar Moment Revisited’, The National Interest,Vol. 70, Winter 2002-03, http://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/krauthammer.pdf [2017-07-30].
Mackinder, H., Democratic Ideals & Reality, Washington DC: National Defense U Press, 1996.
Mandelbaum, M., The Frugal Superpower, New York: Public Affairs, 2011.
Mazzucelli, C., ‘Germany between Russia and Ukraine: Leadership for a New Ostpolitik’, in: Mazzucelli, C., Bee, R.J. (eds.), Mapping Transatlantic Futures: German-American Relations in a Global World, Stuttgart: Robert Bosch Foundation, 2014, pp. 53-75, http://www.bosch-stiftung.de/content/language1/downloads/eVolume.PDF [2017-07-30].
Mazzucelli, C., ‘A Separate Peace? Economic Stabilization and the New Fault Line of European Security’, in: Hodge, C.C. (ed.), Redefining European Security, New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1999, pp. 73-92.
Reed, S., ‘South Stream Pipeline Project in Bulgaria Is Delayed’, The New York Times, 30 June 2014.
Rose, G., ‘Ian Bremmer on America’s Role in the World’, Foreign Affairs, June 2015, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/videos/2015-06-25/ian-bremmeramericas-role-world [2017-07-30].
Rosenthal, J., Righteous Realists, Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1988.
Sanger, D.E., ‘Putin’s Bet on a Trump Presidency Backfires Spectacularly’, The New York Times, 30 July 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/30/us/politics/putins-bet-on-a-trump-presidency-backfires-spectacularly.html [2017-07-30].
Schoen, D., Smith, E., Putin’s Master Plan to Destroy Europe, Divide NATO and Restore Russian Power and Global Influence, New York: Encounter Books, 2016.
Shen, C., Guo, J., ‘Premier Li Keqiang attends the Third Meeting of Heads of Government of China and Central and Eastern European Countries’ (‘李克强出席第三次中国-中东欧国家领导人会晤’), Chinanews.com, 17 December 2014, http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2014/12-17/6883205.shtml [2017-07-30].
Spisak, A., ‘EU uneasy over China’s efforts to woo central and eastern European states’, Financial Times, 8 May 2017.
Stratfor Worldview, ‘Russia’s Competition for Natural Gas Deals with China’, Article, 12 September 2013, https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/russiascompetition-natural-gas-deals-china [2017-07-30].
Turcsányi, R., ‘Central and Eastern Europe’s courtship with China: Trojan horse within the EU?’, EU-Asia at a Glance, Brussels: European Institute for Asian Studies, January 2014.
Van Metre, L., ‘Managing NATO Expansion’, United States Institute of Peace, 1 April 1997.
Whitmore, B., ‘The Power Vertical Podcast: Déjà Vu All Over Again’, Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, 4 August 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/podcast-deja-vu-all-over-again/ 28659268.html [2017-07-30].
Yardley, J., Becker, J., ‘How Putin Forged a Pipeline Deal That Derailed’, The New York Times, 30 December 2014.
Yu, J., ‘The Current Situation and Improvement Approaches of the China-CEEC Cooperation Mechanism’ (‘中国—中东欧国家合作机制现状与完善路径’), China International Studies, No. 2, 2015, pp. 112-126.
Zheng, B., ‘Peaceful Rise to Great-Power Status’, Foreign Affairs, September-October 2005, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2005-09-01/chinas-peaceful-rise-great-power-status [2017-07-30].
Zhang, J., ‘New Trend in the Geopolitics of Central & Eastern Asia’, Contemporary International Relations, No. 6, 2016, pp. 35-44.

Artykuł

Illiberal Relations: The Individual, the State and the Dignity of Communities under the Hungarian and Slovak Constitutions

Liczba wyświetleń: 1076
The paper focuses on the conceptualization of personhood and constitutionally protected groups, as well as the relationship between the individual and the state, in particular the ethno-cultural majority in two European Union (EU) member states showing illiberal tendencies, Hungary and Slovakia. The authors show how in Hungary, the recognition of individual dignity is conditional on membership in the (most often majority) community, and it is the dignity of communities—not exclusively but including that of the ethnic majority community—that is protected by the new constitution. The Slovak case study focuses on the protection of the Slovak language as a form of protecting the Slovak nation. The analysis shows how a constitutional order considering majority identities its highest value is undermining the protection of fundamental rights in the long run. In this sense, the Slovak example shows what the Hungarian illiberal1 turn can lead to.

J. Fiala-Butora, A.L. Pap, ‘Illiberal Relations: The Individual, the State and the Dignity of Communities under the Hungarian and Slovak Constitutions’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 57-77.

3/2015 ‘Büntető elvi döntés’ on Debreceni Ítélőtábla Fkhar. II. 248/2014. See: Bfv. II.590/2012/18 and EBD 2015 B.3.
Act V of 2013 on the Civil Code.
Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Law no. 460/1992 Col.
Constitutional Court Decision No. 96/2008 (VII. 3.).
Constitutional Court Decision No. 165/2011 (XII. 20.).
Council of the European Union, Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA on Combating Certain Forms and Expressions of Racism and Xenophobia by Means of Criminal Law, Official Journal of the European Union, L328, 2008, pp. 55-58.
Dupré, C., The Age of Dignity: Human Rights and Constitutionalism in Europe, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2015.
ECRML (European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages), Application of the Charter in the Slovak Republic, 4th monitoring cycle, 2016 2, Strasbourg, 27 April 2016.
Fiala-Butora, J., ‘Hungarians in Slovakia and the evolution of Hungarian-Slovakian bilateral relations—improvement or stalemate?’, European Yearbook of Minority Issues, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2015.
Hegyi Sz., Simon, É., ‘Szólásszabadság elleni fegyver lett belőle’ [It’s been turned into a weapon against the freedom of speech], A TASZ jelenti, 15 February 2013, http://ataszjelenti.blog.hu/2013/02/15/baj_van_az_uj_ptk-val_4_resz_szolasszabadsag_elleni_fegyver_lett_belole [2017-06-15].
Hungarian Government, Törvényjavaslat a közrend, valamint az igazságszolgáltatás működésének védelme érdekében szükséges egyes törvénymódosításokról, T/6218, 2008, (Bill on amending legislation on public order and the administration of justice) http://www.parlament.hu/irom38/06218/06218.pdf [2017-06-15].
Kateb, G., Human Dignity, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Kretzmer, D., Klein E. (eds.), The Concept of Human Dignity in Human Rights Discourse, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002.
Küpper, H., ‘Paternalista kollektivizmus és liberális individualizmus között: az új magyar Alaptörvényben rögzített emberkép normatív alapjai’ [Between paternalistic collectivism and liberal individualism the normative basis of envisioning personhood in the new Hungarian Fundamental Law], Közjogi Szemle, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2012.
Larner, J., ‘Hate Crime/Thought Crime, Dissent’, Dissent Magazine, Spring 2010, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/hate-crimethought-crime [2014-04-02].
Mahlmann, M., ‘Human dignity and autonomy in modern constitutional orders’, in: Rosenfeld, M., Sajó, A. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
McCrudden, C. (ed.), Understanding Human Dignity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Moormann-Kimáková, B., Languge-related conflicts in multinational and multi-ethnic settings, Springer, 2014.
Nadácia otvorenej spoločnosti—Open Society Foundation, Verejná mienka v oblasti pravicového extrémizmu [Public opinion on the right-wing extremism], Bratislava, 2012.
OSCE, Decision No. 9/09 Combating Hate Crimes, 2009.
Pap, A.L., Democratic Decline in Hungary, Abingdon & New York: Routledge, 2017.
Pap, A.L., ‘Who Are “We, the People”? Biases and Preferences in the Hungarian Fundamental Law’, in: Fejes, Z., Mandák, F., Szente, Z. (eds.), Challenges and Pitfalls in the Recent Hungarian Constitutional Development—Discussing the New Fundamental Law of Hungary, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2015, pp. 53-75.
Preamble of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic, Law no. 460/1992 Col.
Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the protection of minors and human dignity and on the right of reply in relation to the competitiveness of the European audiovisual and on-line information services industry, Official Journal of the European Union, L 378/72, 27 December 2006.
RHS (Roundtable of Hungarians in Slovakia), Written Comments on the Fourth Report by Slovakia on the implementation of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, Somorja—Šamorín, 15 September 2015.
Rosen, M., Dignity: Its History and Meaning, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012.
Sajó, A., Constitutional Sentiments, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
Uitz, R., ‘Does the Past Restrain Judicial Review? (Reference to History and Traditions in Constitutional Reasoning)’, Acta Juridica Hungarica, Vol. 41, No. 1-2, 2000, pp. 47-78.
Vass, Á., ‘A kisebbségi nyelvhasználat helyzete Szlovákiában’ [The situation of minority language use in Slovakia], Létünk, Vol. 8, Special Issue, 2013.
Waldron, J., et al., Dignity, Rank, and Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Wardyn, Ł., Fiala, J., ‘The 2009 amendment of the Slovakian state language law and its impact on minority rights’, XXIX Polish Yearbook of International Law, 2009, pp. 153-174.
Weinrib, K., Dimensions of Dignity: The Theory and Practice of Modern Constitutional Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Zákon č. 428/1990 Zb. o úradnom jazyku v Slovenskej republike [Law no. 428/1990 Col. on the official language of the Slovak Republic].
Zákon č. 270/1995 Z. z. o štátnom jazyku [Law no. 270/1995 Col. l. on the State Language].
Zákon č. 184/1999 Z. z. o používaní jazykov národnostných menšín [Law no. 184/1999 Col. l. on the Use of Languages of National Minorities].

Artykuł

Frozen and Freezing Conflicts in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus: Implications for Regional Security

Liczba wyświetleń: 1006
The paper focuses on the process of frozen or freezing conflicts in the post-Soviet area and how they influence regional security in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus. The key argument advanced is that the almost three-year-long war in eastern Ukraine (Donbas) will become another frozen conflict in the post-Soviet space. The reasons for this are the lack of agreement between Ukraine and Russia on the future of the region and Russia’s support for the Donbas administration. The main consequences of those conflicts are destabilization, devastation and militarization of Eastern Europe. Russia has experience leveraging conflicts of this type and using them to further its foreign and security policy aims. Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova and Ukraine are affected by the problem of frozen conflicts, which influence their internal political, economic and social situation.

A. Legucka, ‘Frozen and Freezing Conflicts in Eastern Europe and South Caucasus: Implications for Regional Security’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 79-97.

Ananicz, A., ‘Rosja po dwóch małych wojnach’ [Russia after two little wars], Sprawy Międzynarodowe [International Affairs], No. 1 (LXII), 2009, pp. 13-27.
Baev, P.K., ‘Russia’s Policies in Secessionist Conflicts in Europe in the 1990s’, Security Policy Library, No. 11, 1998, pp. 3-40.
Baran, Z., ‘Turkey and the Caucasus’, in: Bal, I. (ed.), Turkish Foreign Policy in Post-Cold War Era, Florida: Brown Walker Press, 2004, pp. 269-291.
Black, J.L., Russia Faces NATO Expansion. Bearing Gifts or Bearing Arms?, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000.
Bryc, A., Rosja w XXI wieku. Gracz światowy czy koniec gry? [Russia in the 21st Century. World player or end of the game?], Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne, 2009.
Charap, S., ‘Russia’s Use of Military Force as a Foreign Policy Tool. Is There a Logic?’, PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 443, October 2016.
Clark, S.L., ‘Russia in a Peacekeeping Role’, in: Aron, L., Jensen, K.M., The Emergence of Russian Foreign Policy, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994.
Cornell, S., ‘Pipeline Power. The War in Georgia and the Future of the Caucasian Energy Corridor’, Georgetown Journal on International Affairs, Winter-Spring 2009.
Dyner, A., ‘Russia Beefs Up Military Potential in the Country’s Western Areas’, Bulletin PISM, No. 35 (883), 13 June 2016.
Felsztinski, J., Stanczew, M., Trzecia wojna światowa? Bitwa o Ukrainę [Third World War? The Battle for Ukraine], transl. J. Redlich, Poznań: Dom Wydawniczy Rebis, 2015.
Goksel, D.N., ‘Turkey’s Policy Towards Caucasus’, in: Iskandaryan, A., Caucasus Neighborhood: Turkey and the South Caucasus, Yerevan: American University of Armenia, 2008.
Herz, J.H., ‘Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma’, World Politics, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1950.
Ismailzade, F., ‘The Geopolitics of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict’, Global Dialogue, Vol. 7, No. 3-4, Summer-Autumn 2005, pp. 104-111.
Iwański, T., ‘Ukraine: successful diversification of gas supply’, Analyses OSW, 3 February 2016.
Jervalidze, L., ‘Gazprom in Georgia. Some Aspects of Gas Supply Security’, in: Hetland, J., Gochtashvili, T. (eds.), Security of Natural Gas Supply through Transit Countries, Dordrecht & Boston & London: Kluwer Academic Publisher, 2004.
Kassenova, N., ‘Kazakhstan and the South Caucasus Corridor in the Wake of the Georgia-Russia War’, EU-Central Asia Monitoring, No. 3, January 2009.
Kjærnet, H., ‘The Energy Dimension of Azerbaijani-Russian Relations: Maneuvering for Nagorno-Karabakh’, Russian Analytical Digest, No. 56, March 2009.
Kolstø, P., ‘The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 43, No. 6, 2006.
Kolstø, P., Blakkisrud, H., ‘Living with Non-recognition: State- and Nationbuilding in South Caucasian Quasi-states’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 60, No. 3, May 2008.
Конституция Российской Федерации [Constitution of the Russian Federation], 12 December 1993, http://www.constitution.ru/ [2017-07-01].
Kosienkowski, M., ‘Federacja Rosyjska wobec Naddniestrza’ [Russian Federation toward Transnistria], Analizy Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej [Analyses of East-Central Europe Institute], Vol. 21, Lublin 2008.
Kosienkowski, M., ‘Quasi-państwo w stosunkach międzynarodowych’ [Quasistate in international relations], Stosunki Międzynarodowe [International Relations], Vol. 38, No. 3-4, 2008.
Legucka, A., Perspektywa członkostwa Ukrainy i Gruzji w NATO. Praca naukowo-badawcza [Ukraine and Georgia membership in NATO perspective. Research project], Warszawa: Akademia Obrony Narodowej, 2010.
Legucka, A., Geopolityczne uwarunkowania i konsekwencje konfliktów zbrojnych na obszarze poradzieckim [Geopolitical factors and consequences of the military conflicts on the Post-Soviet area], Warszawa: Difin, 2013.
Lynch, D., Peacekeeping Strategies in CIS: The Case of Moldova, Georgia and Tajikistan, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
Łoś, R., Regina-Zacharski, J., Współczesne konflikty zbrojne [Modern military conflicts], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2010.
McDerrmott, R.N., ‘Brothers disunited. Russia’s use of military power in Ukraine’, in: Black, J.L., Johns, M. (eds.), The Return of the Cold War. Ukraine, the West and Russia, London & New York: Routledge, 2016.
Mikaelian, H., ‘Armenian Foreign Policy: Coordinating the Interests of the U.S., the EU, and Russia’, Central Asia and the Caucasus, No. 3 (57), 2009.
Moldova.org, Moldovan Minister of Defense: Cooperation with NATO does not violate the Constitution, 26 November 2012, http://politicom.moldova.org/news/moldovan-minister-of-defense-cooperation-with-nato-doesnot-violate-the-constitution-234101-eng.html [2012-12-30].
Morar, F., ‘The Myth of Frozen Conflicts’, Per Concordiam, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2010.
Oleksy, P., ‘Federalizacja powraca’ [Federalization’s back], Nowa Europa Wschodnia [New East Europe], 11 July 2012.
Perashvili, D., ‘Russia Set to Retain Hold on Georgian Gas Supplies’, Eurasianet.org, 13 February 2006, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav021406a.shtml [2017-06-28].
Racz, A., The frozen conflicts of the EU’s Eastern neighbourhood and their impact on the respect of human rights, Directorate-General for External Policies, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/578001/EXPO_STU(2016)578001_EN.pdf [2017-06-12].
Sagramoso, D., ‘Russian peacekeeping policies’, in: Mackinlay, J., Cross, P. (eds.), Regional Peacekeepers: the Paradox of Russian Peacekeeping, Tokyo & New York & Paris: United Nations University Press, 2003.
Secrieru, S., ‘Protracted Conflicts in the Eastern Neigbourhood: Between Averting Wars and Building Trust’, Neighbourhood Policy Paper, No. 6, January 2013.
Shelest, A., ‘The Georgian-Russia Conflict, Energy Project and Security of the Black Sea-Caspian Region’, Central Asia and the South Caucasus, No. 4-5 (58-59), 2009.
Solak, J., Mołdawia Republika na trzy pęknięta. Historyczno-społeczny, militarny i geopolityczny wymiar „zamrożonego konfliktu” o Naddniestrze [Moldova Republic on three cracked. The historical-social, military and geopolitical dimension of the ‘frozen conflict’ of Transnistria], Toruń: Europejskie Centrum Edukacyjne, 2009.
Stanislawski, B.H. (ed.), ‘Para-States, Quasi-States, and Black Spots: Perhaps Not States, But Not “Ungoverned Territories,” Either’, International Studies Review, Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2008, pp. 366-396.
Suwała, D., ‘Czy Armenii jest po drodze z Iranem?’ [Does Armenia and Iran are on the same track?], Portal Spraw Zagranicznych [International Relations Portal], 9 October 2008, http://www.psz.pl/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=13975 [2013-03-23].
Szeligowski, D., ‘Donbas Trade Blockade Poses a Challenge to Ukrainian Authorities’, Bulletin PISM, No. 38 (978), 19 April 2017.
Will Russia end Eastern Europe’s Last Frozen Conflict? A Report to the Members of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate, 8 February 2011, United States Senate, Washington, http://lugar.senate.gov/issues/ foreign/pdf/report /Moldova.pdf [2013-01-01].
Wirowska, A., ‘Status prawny uchodźców wewnętrznych w Azerbejdżanie’ [The Legal Status of Internal Refugees in Azerbaijan], Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona [Ukrainian-Polish Politological Studies], Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and University of Kiev, Vol. 4, Kraków & Kijów, 2014.
Yogiaveetil, R., ‘Fighting the Phantom Menace: Applying the Model of Taiwanese WTO Integration to the Problem of South Ossetia Autonomy’, The George Washington University International Law Review, Vol. 46, No. 2.
Zasztoft, K., ‘Aspekt energetyczny polityki zagranicznej Azerbejdżanu wobec państw region Kaukazu Południowego i Morza Kaspijskiego’ [Energy aspect of the Azerbaijan’s foreign policy toward the South Caucasus and Caspian Sea], Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe [National Security], No. 7-8, 2008.
Zvieriev, А. [Зверев, А.], ‘Этнические конфликты на Кавказе 1988-1994 г.’ [Ethnic conflicts in Caucasus 1988-1994], in: Коппитерс, Б. (ed.) [Koppiters, B.], Спорныe границы на Кавказе [Dispute borders in the Caucasus], Москва: Весь мир, 1996.

Artykuł

NATO-Russia Balance of Deterrence in East-Central Europe

Liczba wyświetleń: 999
This paper aims to analyze a crucial feature of East-Central Europe’s (ECE) security environment—the balance of deterrence in NATO-Russia relations. This particular factor is the most influential among all on the regional order in the ECE. It stems from the fact that the Russian Federation is the preponderant military power in the region. The fear of possible Russian belligerence was the number one factor behind the desire of many countries in the region to join the Alliance. As a result, Russia and NATO constitute the most important actors in the regional security order in the ECE, a reality made even starker in the wake of the Ukraine crisis. Since that began, the Russia-NATO relationship has turned antagonistic. As open military conflict has (for now) been precluded as an option by both sides, it is the balance of deterrence between them that drives the evolution of ECE security. This paper first establishes an understanding of what constitutes the balance of deterrence and which factors are most important for it. Then, it assesses the current balance by identifying both sides’ aims and strategies. Finally, a picture of the impact of the balance on regional security emerges.

R. Wiśniewski, ‘NATO-Russia Balance of Deterrence in East-Central Europe’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 99-122.

https://journals.indexcopAsmus, R.D., ‘Europe’s Eastern Promise’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 1, 2008, pp. 95-106.
Berejikian, J.D., ‘A Cognitive Theory of Deterrence’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2002.
Chekinov, S.G., Bogdanov, S.A., ‘The Nature and Content of a New-Generation War’, Military Thought, No. 4, 2013.
Davis, P.K., Toward Theory for Dissuasion (or Deterrence) by Denial: Using Simple Cognitive Models of the Adversary to Inform Strategy, RAND Working Paper, 2014, https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR1027.readonline.html [2017-08-03].
Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, as of March 2017, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/dictionary.pdf [2017-05-20].
Doran, Ch.F., ‘Imperatives of European Security at Russia’s Critical point on its Power Cycle’, Stosunki Międzynarodowe [International Relations], Vol. 51, No. 2, 2015.
Filipowicz, M., ‘The idea of East-Central Europe and its role in shaping the logic behind Eastern Partnership’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 14, No. 6, 2016, pp. 69-86.
Foerster, S., ‘Strategies of Deterrence’, in: Jasper, S. (ed.), Conflict and Cooperation in the Global Commons. A Comprehensive Approach for International Security, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2012 [Kindle edition].
Galeotti, M., ‘The “Gerasimov Doctrine” and Russian Non-Linear War’, in: In the Moscow’s Shadows, 6-07-2014, https://inmoscowsshadows.wordpress.com/2014/07/06/the-gerasimov-doctrine-and-russian-non-linearwar/,Chekinov, [2015-09-12].
Gerson, M.S., ‘Conventional Deterrence in the Second Nuclear Age’, Parameters, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2009, pp. 32-48.
Graham, T., ‘The Sources of Russia’s Insecurity’, Survival, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2010.
Huth, P.K. ‘Deterrence and International Conflict: Empirical Findings and Theoretical Debates’, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 2, 1999, pp. 25-48.
Kissinger, H., Nuclear Weapons & Foreign Policy, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969.
Kłoczowski, J., Europa. Rzeczpospolita Wielu Narodów. Świadectwa, wywiady, przemówienia i szkice z lat 1990-2012 [Europe Respublica of Many Nations. Testimonies, interviews, speeches and sketches from years 1990-2012], Lublin 2012.
Kupiecki, R., ‘The Poland-United States security relations in the light of asymmetry theory’, Przegląd Strategiczny [Strategic Review], No. 9, 2016, pp. 31-48.
Lupovici, A., ‘The Emerging Fourth Wave of Deterrence Theory—Toward a New Research Agenda’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 3, 2010.
Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation 2014, https://www.theatrumbelli.com/the-military-doctrine-of-the-russian-federation/ [2017-06-30].
Morgan, F.E. et.al., Dangerous Thresholds Managing Escalation in the 21st Century, RAND Corporation, 2008, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG614.pdf [2017-05-26].
NATO, Warsaw Summit Communiqué Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Warsaw 8-9 July 2016, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.htm [2017-06-04].
Ringsmose, J., Rynning, S., ‘Now for the Hard Part: NATO’s Strategic Adaptation to Russia’, Survival, Vol. 59, No. 3, 2017.
Russian National Security Strategy, December 2015—Full-text Translation, http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/OtrasPublicaciones/Internacional/2016/Russian-National-Security-Strategy-31Dec2015.pdf [2017-06-05].
Shlapak, D.A., Johnson, M.W., ‘Reinforcing Deterrence on NATO’s Eastern Flank Wargaming the Defense of the Baltics’, RAND Corporation 2016, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1200/RR1253/RAND_RR1253.pdf [2017-06-04].
Smith, J., Hendrix, J., ‘Assured Resolve Testing Possible Challenges to Baltic Security’, Center for A New American Security, 2016, https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/assured-resolve-testing-possible-challenges-tobaltic-security [2017-06-04].
Stent, A.E., ‘Restoration and Revolution in Putin’s Foreign Policy’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 60, No. 6, 2008, pp. 1089-1106.
Szef BBN dla PAP: W Bukareszcie udało się wzmocnić jedność państw regionu [Chief of BBN for PAP: In Bucharest we have successfully strengthened the unity of regional states], BBN [National Security Bureau of Republic of Poland], 5-11-2017 https://www.bbn.gov.pl/pl/wydarzenia/7130,Szef-BBN-dla-PAP-W-Bukareszcie-udalo-sie-wzmocnic-jednosc-panstw-regionu.html [2017-08-03].
Trenin, D., A five-year outlook for Russian foreign policy: demands, drivers, and influences, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2016, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Trenin_Russian_FP_TF_clean.pdf [2017-08-03].
Wiśniewski, R., Hensarling, B., ‘Power in 2025: A Global Ranking’, R/evolutions: Global Trends & Regional Issues, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2015.
Ven Bruusgaard, K., ‘Russian Strategic Deterrence’, Survival, Vol. 58, No. 4, 2016.
Zapfe, M., ‘Deterrence from the Ground Up: Understanding NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence’, Survival, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 147-160.ernicus.com/

Artykuł

Drones in War: The Controversies Surrounding the United States’ Expanded Use of Drones and the European Union’s Disengagement

Liczba wyświetleń: 956
The administration of President Donald Trump has embarked on a mission to redefine the guidelines for the deployment of drones, thereby altering significantly the policy set by his predecessor. Though early in Trump’s presidency, his administration has failed to establish a clear doctrine on the use of drones for military use. By creating such a doctrine, the United States (US) as a military behemoth would have the opportunity to set the terms of the debate and create the necessary international attention and cooperation on establishing universal guidelines on drone warfare. Other major powers, most notably the European Union (EU), have lagged the US on this issue. By reference to the lessons drawn from the US engagement with armed drones, this paper sheds light on key issues that will inform the debate on the international armed drone use regime. It then queries the prospects of the EU and its member states joining the efforts geared toward establishing internationally recognized armed drone use regime. Recommendations on how the US and the EU could collaborate in this domain follow.

E.G. Boussios, A. Visvizi, ‘Drones in War: The Controversies Surrounding the United States’ Expanded Use of Drones and the European Union’s Disengagement’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 123-145.

Agerholm, H., ‘Donald Trump gives CIA power to carry out its own drone strikes’, The Independent, March 14, 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-cia-power-drone-strikes-militarya7628561.html [2017-07-07].
Airbus, ‘Zephyr, the High Altitude Pseudo-Satellite’, Portfolio, 2016, http://defence.airbus.com/portfolio/uav/zephyr/ [2017-09-17].
Barbe, E., Johansson-Nogués, E., ‘The EU as a Modest “Force for Good”’: The European Neighbourhood Policy, International Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 1, 2008, pp. 81-96.
Center for the Study of the Drone, ‘Drone Spending in the FY17 Defense Budget’, Features, February 15, 2016, Bard College Center for the Study of the Drone, http://dronecenter.bard.edu/drone-spending-in-the-fy17-defense-budget/ [2017-09-17].
Chappelle, W., Goodman, T., Reardon, L., Thompson, W., ‘An analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in United States Air Force drone operators’, U.S. Air Force Research, 46, 2014, U.S. Department of Defence, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=usafresearch [2017-09-17].
Chow, D., ‘Drone Wars: Pilots Reveal Debilitating Stress Beyond Virtual Battlefield’, Livescience, November 5, 2013 http://www.livescience.com/40959-military-drone-war-psychology.html [2017-09-17].
Council of the European Union, ‘Implementation Plan on Security and Defence’, Note, November 16, 2016, Brussels, 14 November 2016 (OR. en) 14392/16, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eugs_implementation_plan_st14392.en16_0.pdf [2017-09-10].
de Luce, D., ‘Obama’s Drone Policy Gets an “F”’, Foreign Policy, February 23, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/23/obamas-drone-policy-getsan-f/ [2017-09-17].
Diamond, Ch.,‘Global drone market expected to surpass $22B by 2022’, May 3, 2017, Defense News, https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/05/03/global-drone-market-expected-to-surpass-22b-by-2022/ [2017-09-17].
EP, ‘European Parliament resolution of 27 February 2014 on the use of armed drones’, Resolution 2014/2567(RSP), Strasbourg, February 27, 2014, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2014-0172+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN [2017-09-17].
EP, ‘Towards an EU common position on the use of armed drones’, BRIEFING AND WORKSHOP, European Parliament, 2017, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/578032/EXPO_STU(2017)578032_EN.pdf [2017-08-18].
EUR-Lex, ‘The EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy’, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:ai0026 [2017-09-03].
European Commission, ‘A European Defence Fund: €5.5 billion per year to boost Europe’s defence capabilities’, Press release, Brussels, June 7, 2017, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1508_en.htm [2017-08-18].
European Commission, ‘Commission debates future of European defence’, Press release, May 24, 2017, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1427_en.htm [2017-08-18].
European Commission, ‘European Defence Action Plan’, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, 30.11.2016, COM(2016) 950 final.
Finnegan, Ph., ‘UAV Production Will Total $93 Billion’, August 19, 2015, Teal Group Corporation, http://tealgroup.com/index.php/teal-group-newsmedia/item/press-release-uav-production-will-total-93-billion [2017-09-17].
Franke, U.E., ‘A European approach to military drones and artificial intelligence’, ECFR Essay, June 23, 2017, http://www.ecfr.eu/article/essay_a_european_approach_to_military_drones_and_artificial_intelligence[2017-09-15].
Henckaerts, J., Doswald-Beck, L., Customary International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Hennigan, W.J., ‘A fast growing club: Countries that use drones for killing by remote control’, Los Angeles Times, February 23, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-drone-proliferation-2-20160222-story.html [2017-09-17].
Hsu, J., ‘China Profits as US Hesitates on Selling Armed Drones’, Discover Magazine, June 30, 2017, http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/lovesickcyborg/2017/06/30/china-profits-us-hesitates-selling-armed-drones/#.WZmg_4-cEiR [2017-08-20].
Juul, M., ‘Civil drones in the European Union’, EPRS Briefing, October 2015, European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/571305/EPRS_BRI(2015)571305_EN.pdf [2017-08-18].
Keck, Z., ‘China Is Building 42,000 Military Drones: Should America Worry?’, National Interest, May 10, 2015, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/china-building-42000-military-drones-should-america-worry-12856 [2017-09-17].
Khan, A., ‘As Drone Use Surges, Pilots Report High Stress Levels’, PBS, December 19, 2011, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/afghanistan-pakistan/kill-capture/as-drone-use-surges-pilots-report-high-stress-levels/[2017-09-17].
Linebaugh, H., ‘I worked on the US drone program. The public should know what really goes on’, The Guardian, December 29, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/29/drones-us-military [2017-09-17].
Major, C., ‘Credible EU Defense Means Rethinking Sovereignty’, Strategic Europe, Carnegie Council, June 15, 2017, http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/71260 [2017-08-18].
Manners, I., ‘Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?’, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 40, Issue 2, 2002, pp. 235–258.
Oliveira Martins, B., Backhaus, B., ‘Why and how the EU should act on armed drones’, Global Affairs, Vol. 1, Issue 3, 2015, pp. 259-267.
Pejic, J., ‘Extraterritorial targeting by means of armed drones: Some legal implications’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 96, No. 893, 2014, pp. 67-106.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.
Rettman, A., ‘France and Germany propose EU “defence union”’, EU Observer, 12 September 2016, https://euobserver.com/foreign/135022 [2017-09-06].
Roth, A., ‘The size and location of Europe’s defence industry’, Blog post, June 22, 2017, Bruegel, http://bruegel.org/2017/06/the-size-and-location-ofeuropes-defence-industry/ [2017-08-18].
Schweiger, E., ‘The risks of remaining silent: international law formation and the EU silence on drone killings’, Global Affairs, Vol. 1, Issue 3, 2015, pp. 269-275.
Southworth, M., ‘What are Drones?’, http://fcnl.org/images/issues/afghanistan/Drones_Questions_and_Answers.pdf [2013-11-23].
Stratfor, ‘The Unstoppable Spread of Armed Drones’, Stratfor Worldview, October 25, 2016, https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/unstoppablespread-armed-drones [2017-09-17].
Tayler, L., ‘EU should press Obama on drone secrecy’, Human Rights Watch, March 27, 2014, www.hrw.org/news/2014/03/27/eu-should-press-obamadrone-secrecy [2015-07-13].
The Guardian, ‘Italy to allow US drones to fly out of Sicily air base for attacks on Isis’, The Guardian, February 22, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/22/italy-us-military-drones-isis-libya-sicily-base [2017-08-18].
The Guardian, ‘Obama claims US drones strikes have killed up to 116 civilians’, The Guardian, July 1, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/01/obama-drones-strikes-civilian-deaths [2017-09-17].
Tucker, P., ‘Every Country Will Have Armed Drones Within 10 Years’, Defence One, May 6, 2014, http://www.defenseone.com/technology/2014/05/every-country-will-have-armed-drones-within-ten-years/83878/ [2017-09-17].
Yousaf, K., ‘International law compliance: UN adopts resolution against use of drones’, The Express Tribune, December 20, 2013, https://tribune.com.pk/story/648078/international-law-compliance-un-adopts-resolutionagainst-use-of-drones/ [2017-09-17].
Zenco, M., ‘The (Not-So) Peaceful Transition of Power: Trump’s Drone Strikes Outpace Obama’, CFR Blog, March 17, 2017, https://www.cfr.org/blogpost/not-so-peaceful-transition-power-trumps-drone-strikes-outpaceobama [2017-07-20].

Artykuł

Warsaw on the Way to Kerneuropa? Germany as Poland’s Bridge to the EU’s Center

Liczba wyświetleń: 985
Against the backdrop of shifting geopolitical and geostrategic considerations shaping the increasingly multi-speed European Union (EU), this paper examines the prospect of possible future closer cooperation between Poland and Germany. It is argued that a deeper German-Polish alliance in the EU could hinder the process of Warsaw being pushed to the political periphery of the Union. By focusing on Berlin, Poland could use it as a bridge to Kerneuropa, or the core of the EU. An alternative this article considers is the prospect of Poland enhancing its ties in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and especially with the Visegrad Group (V4) of countries. In this scenario, the V4 might want to counterbalance German dominance in Europe.

D.J. Lemmen, ‘Warsaw on the Way to Kerneuropa? Germany as Poland’s Bridge to the EU’s Center’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 147-165.

Balcer, A., Blusz, K., ‘Changing course? Foreign policy in Poland after the elections’, ECFR, 23 November 2015, http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_changing_course_foreign_policy_in_poland_after_the_elections5025[2017-04-28].
Bartkiewicz, A., ‘Jarosław Kaczyński w „Gazecie Polskiej”: Donald Tusk łamie zasadę neutralności’ [Jarosław Kaczyński in „Gazeta Polska”: Donald Tusk breaks the principles of neutrality], Rzeczpospolita, 7 March 2017, http://www.rp.pl/Wybor-przewodniczacego-RE/170309175-Jaroslaw-Kaczynskiw-Gazecie-Polskiej-Donald-Tusk-lamie-zasade-neutralnosci.html [2017-04-28].
Bartkiewicz, A., ‘Beata Szydło w Przemyślu o Europie Karpat’ [Beata Szydło in Przemyśl about the Carpathian Europe], Rzeczpospolita, 29 January 2017, http://www.rp.pl/Rzad-PiS/170128853-Beata-Szydlo-w-Przemysluo-Europie-Karpat.html [2017-04-28].
Bault, O., ‘Angela Merkel’s visit to Poland marks a Turning-Point in Bilateral Relations’, Visegrad Post, 15 February 2017, https://visegradpost.com/en/2017/02/15/angela-merkels-visit-to-poland-marks-a-turning-pointin-bilateral-relations/ [2017-04-28].
Bertrand, P., ‘Macron causes Polish outrage after claiming a Kaczynski and Le Pen alliance, Euronews, 2 May 2017, http://www.euronews.com/2017/05/02/macron-causes-polish-outrage-after-claiming-a-kaczynski-and-le-pen-alliance [2017-05-15].
Bieńczyk-Missala, A., ‘“Dobra zmiana” w polityce zagranicznej RP‘ [The “good change” in Poland’s foreign policy], Rocznik Strategiczny 2016/17,Vol. 22, 2016, pp. 222-235.
Cienski, J., ‘Macron Sparks Polish-French war of words’, Politico, 28 April 2017, http://www.politico.eu/article/macron-sparks-polish-french-warof-words/ [2017-04-28].
Do Rzeczy, ‘Ambasador Przyłębski: Złe stosunki polsko-niemieckie to wina Berlina’ [Ambassador Przyłębski: Bad German-Polish relations is Germany’s fault], 20 April 2017, https://dorzeczy.pl/obserwator-mediow/27510/Ambasador-Przylebski-Zle-stosunki-polsko-niemieckie-to-wina-Berlina.html [2017-04-28].
Duszczyk, M., ‘Periphery, or perhaps already the centre? The impact of ten years of membership in the European Union on the position and perceptions of Poland’, in: Magone, J.M., Laffan, B., Schweiger, C., Core-Periphery Relations in the European Union. Power and Conflict in a Dualist Political Economy (E-Book), London & New York: Routledge, 2016.
Dudek, B., ‘German-Polish relations are in free fall’, Deutsche Welle, 11 January 2016, http://www.dw.com/en/opinion-german-polish-relations-arein-free-fall/a-18972591 [2017-04-28].
European Commission, White Paper on the Future of Europe. Reflections and scenarios for the EU27 by 2025, 1 March 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/white_paper_on_the_future_of_europe_en.pdf [2017-06-11].
Friedman, G., The Next 100 Years. A forecast for the 21st Century, New York: Doubleday, 2009.
Fröhlich, A., ‘Links, Rechts, Querfront – und Brandenburgs Anti-Amerikanismus’ [Left, Right, Querfront – Anti-Americanism in Brandenburg], Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten, 11 January 2017, http://www.pnn.de/brandenburg-berlin/1146993/ [2017-04-28].
Galgoczi, B., ‘The Tale of Two Peripheries in a Divided Europe’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2014, pp. 361-369.
Gnauck, G., ‘Merkel making “last chance” visit to Poland’, Deutsche Welle, 6 February 2017, http://www.dw.com/en/merkel-making-last-chancevisit-to-poland/a-37433305 [2017-04-28].
Hyde-Price, A., Germany and European Order. Enlarging NATO and the EU, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
Jarczewska, A., ‘Stany Zjednoczone – historyczny zwrot ku niewiadomemu’ [The United States: A historic turn to the unknown], Rocznik Strategiczny 2016/17, Vol. 22, 2016, pp. 134-152.
Kelly, L., Rinke, A., ‘Poland promises to fight idea of multi-speed Europe at EU summit’, Reuters, 20 March 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/uspoland-eu-kaczynski-idUSKBN16R1NJ [2017-06-11].
Kelly, L., Rinke, A., ‘Isolated in EU, Poland seeks better ties with Germany behind the scenes’, Reuters, 21 April 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-germany-idUSKBN17N20T [2017-04-28].
Kelly, L., Rinke, A., ‘Kaczynskis Geheimvisite bei Merkel – Ringen um Partnerschaft’ [Kaczyński’s Secret Meeting with Merkel – Fight for Partnership], Reuters, 25 April 2017, http://de.reuters.com/article/deutschland-polenmerkel-kaczynski-idDEKBN17R0KD [2017-04-28].
Krupa, M., Wefing, H., Ladurner, U., ‘Wie gefährlich sind diese Männer für Europa, Herr Timmermans? (Interview mit Frans Timmermanns)’ [How dangerous are those men for Europe, Mr. Timmermanns? (Interview with Frans Timmermanns)], Die Zeit, 3 May 2017, http://www.zeit.de/2017/19/polen-ungarn-eu-kommission-frans-timmermans-viktor-orban-jaroslawkaczynski[2017-05-03].
Krzyżanowska, E., Cedro, M., ‘Minister Witold Waszczykowski interviewed by the Polish Press Agency: Poland no longer has to look for a promoter in the world’, Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 16 November 2016, http://www.mfa.gov.pl/en/news/minister_witold_waszczykowski_interviewed_by_the_polish_press_agency__poland_no_longer_has_to_look_for_a_promoter_in_the_world [2017-04-28].
Lamers, K., Schäuble, W., ‘Überlegungen zur europäischen Politik’ [Considerations on European Politics], CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion [CDU/CSU parliamentary group], 1 September 1994, http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Content/DE/Downloads/schaeuble-lamers-papier-1994.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1 [2017-06-10].
Lemmen, D.J., ‘Up-coming breaking points in the Polish-German relations?’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2016, pp. 95-112.
Magone, J.M., Laffan, B., Schweiger, C., Core-Periphery Relations in the European Union. Power and Conflict in a Dualist Political Economy (E-Book), London & New York: Routledge, 2016.
Maliszewski, N., ‘Sondaż: Polacy nie chcą przyjmować uchodźców’ [Poll: Poles do not want to receive refugees], Onet, 11 September 2015, http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-polacy-nie-chca-przyjmowac-uchodzcow/q8tht5 [2017-04-28].
Matthijs, M., ‘The Three Faces of German Leadership’, Survival, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2016, pp. 135-154.
Mausbach, L., ‘German Priorities are now to Hedge the Damage of Brexit and to keep the EU together’, Visegrad Insight, 6 April 2017, http://visegradinsight.eu/german-helplessness/ [2017-04-28].
Nič, M., ‘Prediger in der Wüste. Die „Ent-Orbánisierung“ der Visegrád-Gruppe hat begonnen’ [Preacherman in the Desert. The “De-Orbanization” of the Visegrad States has just begun], Internationale Politik, 1 March 2017, https://zeitschrift-ip.dgap.org/de/ip-die-zeitschrift/archiv/jahrgang-2017/maerz-april/prediger-der-wueste [2017-04-28].
Onet.pl, ‘Sondaż dla „Rzeczpospolitej”: Polacy nie chcą wyjścia z Unii Europejskiej’ [Poll for “Rzeczpospolita”: Poles do not want to leave the European Union], 13 March 2017, http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondazdla-rzeczpospolitej-polacy-nie-chca-wyjscia-z-unii-europejskiej/vz4zzwv [2017-04-28].
PAP, ‘Premier Beata Szydło: musimy zrobić wszystko, żeby nie doszło do kolejnych „Brexitów”’ [Prime Minister Beata Szydło: We have to do everything to avoid future “Brexits”, 8 February 2017, http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/premier-beata-szydlo-musimy-zrobic-wszystko-zeby-nie-doszlodo-kolejnych-brexitow/zvqj845 [2017-04-28].
Piątek, T., ‘Mamy autorytarny reżim. Trzeba odejść od komputera i wyjść na ulicę’ [We have an authoritarian regime. We have to leave the computer and go out onto the street], Gazeta Wyborcza, 14 April 2016, http://wyborcza.pl/1,75968,19920486,mamy-autorytarny-rezim-trzeba-odejscod-komputera-i-wyjsc-na.html [2017-04-28].
Radio Poland, ‘Polish-German ties doing “very well”: FM Waszczykowski’, 19 April 2016, http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/249396,PolishGermanties-doing-very-well-FM-Waszczykowski [2017-04-28].
Sepos, A., ‘The centre-periphery divide in the Eurocrisis. A theoretical approach’, in: Magone, J.M., Laffan, B., Schweiger, C., Core-Periphery Relations in the European Union. Power and Conflict in a Dualist Political Economy (E-Book), London & New York: Routledge, 2016.
Schwabe, A., ‘Kartoffelkrieg mit Polen. Die „taz“ legt nach’ [Potatoe War with Poland, TAZ piles the fire up], SPON, 12 December 2006, http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/kartoffelkrieg-mit-polen-die-tazlegt-nach-a-452424.html [2017-04-28].
Schweiger, C., ‘The EU’s multiple cores and the CEEs: A threat or an opportunity?’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 11, No. 5, 2013, pp. 27-46.
Schweiger, C., Magone, J.M., ‘Differentiated Integration and Cleavage in the EU under Crisis Conditions’, Perspectives on European Politics and Society, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2014, pp. 259-265.
Sieradzki, S., ‘Niemcy wypłacą Polsce reparacje wojenne? Mec. Hambura: „Deklaracja o zrzeczeniu się reparacji z 1953 roku nie dotyczyła RFN”’ [Will Germany pay war reparations to Poland? Mec. Hambura: „The 1953 declaration of renunciation of reparations did not concern FRG”], wPolityce.pl, 21 February 2016, http://wpolityce.pl/swiat/282490-niemcy-wyplacapolsce-reparacje-wojenne-mec-hambura-deklaracja-o-zrzeczeniu-siereparacji-z-1953-roku-nie-dotyczyla-rfn-nasz-wywiad [2017-04-28].
Simon, Z., ‘Orban Says He Seeks to End Liberal Democracy in Hungary’, Bloomberg, 28 July 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-07-28/orban-says-he-seeks-to-end-liberal-democracy-inhungary[2017-04-28].
Staszak, K., Mizuro, M., Cyraniewicz, M., Majewski, P., Litka, P., ‘Sikorski dla Spiegla: Niemcy powinny przewodzić, nie dominować’ [Sikorski for Der Spiegel: Germany should lead, not dominate], Rzeczpospolita, 13 May 2012, http://www.rp.pl/artykul/874603-Sikorski-dla-Spiegla–Niemcypowinny-przewodzic–nie-dominowac.html [2017-05-13].
Sydoruk, T., Tyshchenko, D., ‘Positions of the Visegrad Four Countries and the Baltic States on the Russian Ukrainian Conflict’, The Torun International Studies, Vol. 1, No. 9, 2016, pp. 17-30.
Tomaszewski, W., ‘Ilu Polaków chce islamskich uchodźców? Ten sondaż nie pozostawia złudzeń’ [How many Poles want Islamic Refugees? This poll leaves no illusions], wolność24, 9 May 2017, http://wolnosc24.pl/2017/05/09/ilu-polakow-chce-islamskich-uchodzcow-ten-sondaznie-pozostawia-zludzen/ [2017-05-11].
Wieliński, B.T., ‘Po co Angeli Merkel spotkanie z Jarosławem Kaczyńskim? By dowiedzieć się, czego prezes PiS właściwie chce od świata’ [Why does Angela Merkel meet with Jarosław Kaczyński? To find out what the PiS leader wants from the world], Gazeta Wyborcza, 15 January 2017, http://wyborcza.pl/7,75968,21248093,po-co-angeli-merkel-spotkanie-z-jaroslawem-kaczynskim-by-dowiedziec.html [2017-04-28].
Wnendt, D., ‘Borowski und das dunkle Netz’ [Borowski and the Darknet], Tatort, ARD, Germany 2017.
Završnik, G., ‘We don’t want to dismantle the EU, says Poland’s ruling party’, Politico, 13 March 2017, http://www.politico.eu/article/we-dont-want-todismantle-the-eu-says-polands-ruling-party/ [2017-04-28].

Artykuł

From Mitterand to Macron: Tracing the Evolution of French-Polish Relations

Liczba wyświetleń: 1046
The first months of Emmanuel Macron’s presidency have shown that one of his goals is to rebuild France’s position on the international stage. Macron also seeks to promote several reforms at the EU level geared towards deepening European integration. Presumably, Macron’s policy objectives will impact Central Europe, including Poland. This paper provides a general overview of the Franco-Polish relationship over the period 1989-2017. Against this background, the paper will discuss the main challenges in the Franco-Polish cooperation since the fall of the Berlin Wall through the first three months of Macron’s presidency (2017).

A. Stolarz, ‘From Mitterand to Macron: Tracing the Evolution of French-Polish Relations’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 167-185.

Bayou, C., ‘La présence économique française en Europe centrale et orientale au seuil de 1993’ [The French economic presence in Central and Eastern Europe up to 1993], Courrier des pays de l’Est, No. 379, 1993, pp. 3-37.
Bernaciak, M., ‘Social Dumping and the EU integration process’, European Trade Union Institute Working Paper 2014.06, Bruksela 2014, pp. 1-29.
Conférence du presse d’Emmanuel Macron le jeudi 22 juin 2017 au Conseil Européen [Press conference by Emmanuel Macron on Thursday 22 June 2017 at the European Council], 23 June 2017, http://www.elysee.fr/declarations/article/conference-du-presse-d-emmanuel-macron-le-jeudi-22-juin-2017-au-conseil-europeen/ [2017-08-13].
Charlemagne, ‘Emmanuel Macron is revitalising the European Union and dividing it’, The Economist, 22 June 2017, http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21725332-eurocrats-should-temper-their-new-optimismbit-caution-emmanuel-macron-revitalising [2017-07-31].
Delsol, Ch., Éloge de la singularité. Essai sur la modernité tardive [Praise of singularity. Essay on late modernity], Paris: Éditions la Table Ronde, 2007.
Delsol, Ch., ‘L’affirmation de l’identité européenne’ [The assertion of European identity], in: Delsol, Ch., Mattéi J.-F. (eds.), L’identité de l’Europe, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2010, pp. 1-7.
Deklaracja Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i Prezydenta Republiki Francuskiej o polsko-francuskim partnerstwie strategicznym [Join Declaration by the President of the Republic of Poland and by the President of the French Republic on the Polish-French Strategic Partnership], https://www.prezydent.pl/download/gfx/prezydent/pl/…/deklaracja_wersja-polska.pdf [2017-08-13].
Dossier de presse – Conseil des ministres franco-allemand [Press kit – Franco-German Council of Ministers], 13 July 2017, http://www.elysee.fr/assets/Uploads/Conseil-des-ministres-franco-allemand2.pdf [2017-08-13].
Dufour, N., Terlikowski, M., ‘Poland and France: The (Un)Limited Strategic Partnership’, Strategic File, No. 3 (66), February 2015, pp. 1-7. Encaoua, M., Théveniaud, P., ‘Emmanuel Macron, l’hyper président’[Emmanuel Macron, the hyper president], Le Parisien, 2 July 2017, http://www.leparisien.fr/politique/emmanuel-macron-l-hyper-president-02-07-2017-7103979.php [2017-07-31].
European Commission, ‘Posted workers’, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=471 [2017-08-13].
Frachon, A., ‘La nouvelle bataille de Gdansk’ [The new battle of Gdansk], Le Monde, 26 January 2017, http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2017/01/26/la-nouvelle-bataille-de-gdansk_5069431_3232.html#qw9GQro5JciclSe7.99 [2017-07-31].
Institut français, ‘Faites notre connaissance’ [Get to know us], http://www.institutfrancais.com/fr/faites-notre-connaissance-0 [2017-08-13].
Pleskot, P., Intelektualni sąsiedzi. Kontakty polskich historyków z francuskim środowiskiem „Annales” w latach 1945-1989 [Intellectual neighbors. Contacts between Polish historians and the French “Annales” in 1945-1989], Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej-Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2010.
PR firm Portland Communications and the University of Southern California School of Public Diplomacy, The Soft Power 30 annual index, 2017, http://softpower30.com/ [2017-07-31].
Premier Beata Szydło: Polityka migracyjna musi być pragmatyczna i skuteczna [Prime Minister Beata Szydlo: Migration policy must be pragmatic and effective], https://www.premier.gov.pl/wydarzenia/aktualnosci/premierbeata-szydlo-polityka-migracyjna-musi-byc-pragmatyczna-i-skuteczna.html [13.08.2017].
Romer, J.-C., Schreiber, T., ‘La France et l’Europe centrale’ [France and Central Europe], Politique étrangère, No. 4, 1995-1996, pp. 917-925.
Szeptycki, A., Francja czy Europa? Dziedzictwo generała de Gaulle’a w polityce zagranicznej V Republiki [France or Europe? General de Gaulle’s legacy in the foreign policy of the V Republic], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2005.
Szeptycki, A., ‘Konsekwencje wyborów prezydenckich we Francji dla Polski’ [Consequences of the presidential election in France for Poland], PISM, Biuletyn, No. 21 (435), 2007, pp. 1771-1772.
Suchcicki, Sz., ‘Płaca minimalna a transport we Francji: Ustawa Macrona dotknie polskich przewoźników’ [Minimum wage and transport in France: The Macron Act will affect Polish carriers], Rzeczpospolita, 10 June 2016, http://www.rp.pl/Firma/306109981-Placa-minimalna-atransport-we-Francji-Ustawa-Macrona-dotknie-polskich-przewoznikow.html#ap-2 [2017-31-07].
Tulmets, E., ‘L’impact de l’élargissement de l’Union européenne sur la coopération française et allemande à l’Est: quelle gouvernance’ [The impact of the enlargement of the European Union on French and German cooperation in the East: what governance], Revue d’Etudes Comparatives Est-Ouest, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2003, pp. 111-156.
Tulmets, E., Cadier, D., ‘French Policies toward Central Eastern Europe: Not a Foreign Policy Priority but a Real Presence’, DGAPanalyse, No. 11, 2014, pp. 1-18.
Verrier, M., ‘« Je ne poursuivrai pas l’Europe comme elle est », affirme Emmanuel Macron’ [“I will not continue Europe as it is,” says Emmanuel Macron], interview with E. Macron, La Voix du Nord, 27 April 2017, http://www.lavoixdunord.fr/154291/article/2017-04-27/je-ne-poursuivrai-pas-leurope-comme-elle-est-affirme-emmanuel-macron [2017-07-31].
Vey, J.-B., ‘Macron fin août dans l’est de l’UE sur le travail détaché’, Reuters, 7 August 2017, http://fr.reuters.com/article/topNews/idFRKBN1AN1EIOFRTP[2017-07-13].
‘What Is LOI Macron?’, https://www.macron-fr.eu/en/macron [2017-07-31].
Wieliński, B.T., ‘Wybory we Francji. Polski hydraulik do bicia’ [Elections in France. Polish plumber to beat], Gazeta Wyborcza, 5 May 2017, http://wyborcza.pl/magazyn/7,124059,21770587,wybory-we-francji-polski-hydraulik-do-bicia.html [2017-07-31].

Artykuł

De-Europeanization and De-Democratization in the EU and Its Neighborhood

Liczba wyświetleń: 1010
The European Union’s (EU) impact on the political systems of its member states as well as countries within enlargement and neighborhood policy has been broadly analyzed, particularly in the context of the democratization process. However, there have been some political changes in recent years that justify the question of whether we still can talk about the continuation of Europeanization and democratization or have started to observe a disruption of these processes, or even their reversal. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the phenomena of de-Europeanization and de-democratization, looking at the current political changes in selected “new” member states or candidates for EU membership (Hungary, Poland, and Turkey) to better understand the core problems of their democratization processes and, at the same time, the obstacles to effective Europeanization.

A. Szymański, ‘De-Europeanization and De-Democratization in the EU and Its Neighborhood’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 187-211.

Agh, A., ‘De-Europeanization and De-democratization Trends in ECE: From the Potemkin Democracy to the Elected Autocracy in Hungary’, Journal of Comparative Politics, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2015, pp. 4-26.
Agh, A., ‘The Rocky Road of Europeanization in the New Member States: From the Democracy Capture to the Second Try of Democratization’, Polish Sociological Review, Vol. 193, No. 1, 2016, pp. 71-86.
Alessandri, E., ‘Democratization and Europeanization in Turkey after the September 12 Referendum’, Insight Turkey, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2010, pp. 23-30.
Aydın-Düzgit, S., Kaliber, A., ‘Encounters with Europe in an Era of Domestic and International Turmoil: Is Turkey a De-Europeanising Candidate Country?’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-14.
Blokker, P., New Democracies in Crisis? A Comparative Constitutional Study of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, Abingdon & New York: Routledge, 2014.
Błuszkowski, J. (ed.), Dylematy Polskiej Transformacji [Dilemmas of Polish Transformation], Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, 2007.
Börzel, T.A., Risse, T., ‘From Europeanization to Diffusion: Introduction’, West European Politics, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-19.
Börzel, T.A., Risse, T., ‘Conceptualizing the Domestic Impact of Europe’, in: Featherstone, K., Radaelli, C.M. (eds.), The Politics of Europeanization, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 57-80.
Börzel, T.A., Soyaltın, D., Yılmaz G., ‘Same same or different? Accession Europeanization in Central and Eastern Europe and Turkey compared’, in: Tekin, A., Güney, A. (eds.), Europeanization of Turkey. Polity and Politics, London & New York: Routledge, 2015, pp. 217-234.
Cebeci, M., ‘De-Europeanization or Counter-Conduct? Turkish Democratization and the EU’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016, pp. 119-32.
Cirtautas, A.M., Schimmelfennig, F., ‘Europeanization Before and After the Accession: Conditionality, Legacies and Compliance’, Europe-Asia Studies’, Vol. 62, No. 3, 2010, pp. 421-441.
‘Democracy Index 2015. Democracy in a Age of Anxiety’, Economist Intelligence Unit, 2016.
Elbasani, A. (ed.), European Integration and Transformation in the Western Balkans: Europeanization or Business as Usual?, London & New York: Routledge, 2013.
European Commission, 2002 Regular Report on Hungary’s Progress towards Accession, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2002/hu_en.pdf [2016-06-18].
European Commission, 2002 Regular Report on Poland’s Progress towards Accession http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/ key_documents/2002/pl_en.pdf [2016-06-18].
European Commission, 2002 Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2002/tu_en.pdf [2016-06-18].
Goetz, K.H., Hix, S. (eds.), Europeanised Politics? European Integration and National Political Systems, London & Portland: Frank Cass, 2001.
Góralczyk, B., ‘Aksjologiczna dezintegracja w UE? Przypadek Węgier’ [Axiological Disintegration of the EU? Case of Hungary], Studia Europejskie, Vol. 76, No. 4, 2015, pp. 91-118.
Grabbe, H., The EU’s Transformative Power. Europeanization through Conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe, Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Green Cowles, M., Caporaso, J., Risse, T. (eds.), Transforming Europe. Europeanization and Domestic Change, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2001.
Holzer, J., Mareš, M. (eds.), Challenges to Democracies in East Central Europe, Abingdon & New York: Routledge, 2016.
İçener, E., Phinnemore, D., Papadimitriou, D., ‘Continuity and Change in the European Union’s Approach to Enlargement: Central and Eastern Europe and Turkey Compared’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2010, pp. 207-223.
Kalaycioğlu, E., Turkish Dynamics. Bridge Across Troubled Lands, Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Kaliber, A., ‘Contextual and contested: reassessing Europeanisation in the case of Turkey’, International Relations, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2013, pp. 52-73.
Keil, S., ‘Europeanization, state-building and democratization in the Western Balkans’, Nationalities Papers, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2013, pp. 343-353.
Kochenov, D., EU Enlargement and the Failure of Conditionality. Pre-accession Conditionality in the Fields of Democracy and the Rule of Law, Austin: Wolters Kluwer Law&Business, 2008.
Ladrech, R., Europeanization and National Politics, Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Linz, J., Stepan, A., Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Morlino, L., Changes for Democracy. Actors, Structures, Processes, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Morlino, L., Sadurski, W. (eds.), Democratization and the European Union. Comparing Central and East European Post-Communist Countries, Abingdon & New York: Routledge, 2010.
Nas, Ç., Özer, Y. (eds.), Turkey and the European Union. Processes of Europeanisation, Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate, 2012.
Noutcheva, G., Aydın-Düzgit, S., ‘Lost in Europeanization: The Western Balkans and Turkey’, West European Politics, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2012, pp. 59-78.
Ömürgönülşen, U., Doig, A., ‘Why the Gap? Turkey, EU Accession, Corruption and Culture’, Turkish Studies, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2012, pp. 7-25.
Öniş, Z., ‘Diverse but Converging Paths to European Union Membership: Poland and Turkey in Comparative Perspective’, East European Politics & Societies, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2004, pp. 481-512.
Özbudun, E., ‘Democratization Reforms in Turkey, 1993-2004’, Turkish Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2007, pp. 179-196.
Pacześniak, A., Europeizacja polskich partii politycznych [Europeanization of Polish Political Parties], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2014.
Pacześniak, A., Riedel, R. (eds.) Europeizacja—mechanizmy, wymiary, efekty [Europeanization—Mechanisms, Dimensions, Effects], Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2010.
Plattner, M.F., ‘Is Democracy in Decline?’, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2015, pp. 5-10.
Pridham, G., ‘Change and Continuity in the European Union’s Political Conditionality: Aims, Approach, and Priorities’, Democratization, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2007, pp. 446-471.
Radaelli, C.M., ‘Policy Transfer in the European Union’, Government, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2000, pp. 25-43.
Risse, T., Green Cowles, M., Caporaso, J., ‘Europeanization and Domestic Change: Introduction’, in: Green Cowles, M., Caporaso, J., Risse, T. (eds.), Transforming Europe. Europeanization and Domestic Change, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2001, pp. 1-20.
Saatçioğlu, B., ‘De-Europeanisation in Turkey: The Case of the Rule of Law’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016, pp. 133-146.
Saurugger, S., Theoretical Approaches to European Integration, Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Schmitter, P., ‘Crisis and Transition, But Not a Decline’, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2015, pp. 32-44.
Sedelmeier, U., ‘Anchoring Democracy from Above? The European Union and Democratic Backsliding in Hungary and Romania after Accession’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2014, pp. 105-121.
Szymański, A., ‘EU-Turkey Pre-Accession Policy and Its Impact on Democracy and State Quality’, European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2012, pp. 533-552.
Szymański, A., ‘Religion Oriented Conservative Parties and Democracy: The Case of the Turkish Justice and Development Party and Polish Law and Justice Party’, Hemispheres. Studies on Cultures and Societies, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2015, pp. 55-70.
Szymański, A., ‘Turkey and Poland and Their Process of European Integration’, in: Laçiner, S., Palabıyık, H., Kujawa, K., Garayev, V. (eds.), Turkish-Polish Relations: Past, Present and Future, Çanakkale & Ankara: Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 2015, pp. 167-183.
Szymański, A., ‘Turkey and Poland: Two different countries in the process of European integration?’, in: Neuwahl, N., Kabaalioğlu, H. (eds.), European Union and Turkey: Reflections on the Prospects for Membership, Istanbul: TOBB, TUNAECS, Marmara University, 2006, pp. 249-258.
Taraktaş B., ‘Comparative Approach to Euroscepticism in Turkey and Eastern European Countries’, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2008, pp. 249-266.
Tekin, A., Güney, A. (eds.), Europeanization of Turkey. Polity and Politics, London & New York: Routledge, 2015.
Tomini, L., Democratizing Central and Eastern Europe. Successes and Failures of the European Union, Abingdon & New York: Routledge, 2015.
‘Two Decades After The Wall’s Fall. End Of Communism Cheered But Now With More Reservations’, The Pew Global Attitudes Project, 2 November 2009, www.pewglobal.org/files/pdf/267.pdf [2016-05-17].
Usul, A.R., Democracy in Turkey. The Impact of EU political conditionality, London & New York: Routledge, 2011.
Wojtaszczyk, K.A., ‘Governmental-Political Conditioning Realities of Polish Membership in the European Union’, in: Adamowski, J., Wojtaszczyk, K.A. (eds.), Negotiations of the EU Candidate Countries, Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza ASPRA-JR, 2001, pp. 23-27.
‘World Values Survey 2010-2014. Crossings by country’, World Values Survey 2015, www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp [2016-11-27].
Yaroshenko, L., Impact of the European Union upon Democratization in Ukraine: Effectiveness of EU Conditionality towards a Non-member State, Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010.
Yılmaz, G., ‘Europeanization or De-Europeanization? Media Freedom in Turkey (1999-2015)’, South European Society and Politics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2016, pp. 147-161.

Artykuł

Overcoming Divides in the Contemporary EU: “Connectivity”, Political Geography and Super Regions

Liczba wyświetleń: 917
The objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between connectivity, considered how we make the most of geography, and nationalism, the long-lasting challenge that Europe has always faced. This paper considers that the process of integration in the European Union (EU) is no longer happening through nations, but through super regions—functionally connected entities that share key infrastructure, even when there is no clear geographical distinction. As these connections gain importance, nationalism decreases in strength. The first section provides an overview of nationalism in Europe, citing some current examples and relating it to the lack of a European identity. The second section defines the idea and extension of super regions and, using the core-periphery theory, explains “multi-speed” Europe. The next part will be devoted to the concept and implications of connectivity and the role of communication and data in cross-border flows. The last part draws a general picture of a Europe of super regions.

B. Presas Mata, ‘Overcoming Divides in the Contemporary EU: “Connectivity”, Political Geography and Super Regions’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2017, pp. 213-232.

Ágh, A., ‘The core-periphery divide in the EU transformation crisis: challenges to the Visegrád Four’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2016, pp. 113-130.
Anderson, M., States and nationalism in Europe since 1945, Routledge: New York, 2000.
Barber, T., ‘A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe’, Financial Times, July 11, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/53fc4518-4520-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1 [2017-09-15].
Becas, J.L., Kavanag, W., Border encounters: Asymmetry and Proximity at Europe’s frontiers, New York: Berghahn, 2003.
Checkel, J.T., Katzenstein, P.J., European Identity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Coalition of Services Industries, ‘Cross-border data flows’, https://servicescoalition.org/services-issues/cross-border-data-flows [2017-09-15].
Commission of the European Communities, ‘White paper on a European communication policy’, 2006, http://europa.eu/documents/comm/white_papers/pdf/com2006_35_en.pdf [2017-09-15].
Delamaide, D., The new superregions of Europe, New York: Penguin Group, 1995.
Editorial team, ‘Europe’s rising far right: A guide to the most prominent parties’, The New York Times, 4 December 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/world/europe/europe-far-right-political-parties-listy.html?_r=0 [2017-09-15].
European Commission, ‘White Paper on the future of Europe: Reflections and Scenarios for the EU27 by 2025’, 2017, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2017:2025:FIN [2017-09-15].
European Commission, ‘Regional Policy’, Inforegio, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/ [2017-09-15].
European Political Strategy Centre, ‘Enter the data economy: EU policies for a thriving data ecosystem’, Issue 21, 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/epsc/sites/epsc/files/strategic_note_issue_21.pdf [2017-09-15].
European Union Law, ‘Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union’, 2012, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12012P/TXT [2017-09-15].
Filιpowicz, M., ‘The idea of East-Central Europe and its role in shaping the logic behind Eastern Partnership’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 14, No. 6, 2016, pp. 69-86.
Franke, M., ‘European Parliament/Communication policy’, 2017, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_5.13.8.html [2017-09-15].
Gould, C.A., Messina, M.A., Europe’s contending identities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Gripaios, P., Mangles, T., ‘An analysis of European Super Regions’, Regional Studies, Vol. 27, No. 8, 1993, pp. 745-750, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00343409312331347925 [2017-09-15].
Habermas, J., The Postnational Constellation and the Future of Democracy, Cambridge: MIT, 2001.
Khanna, P., Connectography, New York: Random House, 2016.
Kleger, H. New Regional Identities and Strategic Essentialism, Berlin: Transaction Publishers, 2007.
Krugman, P., ‘Increasing returns and economic geography’, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 99, No. 3, 1993, https://www.princeton.edu/pr/pictures/gk/krugman/krugman-increasing_returns_1991.pdf [2017-09-15].
Lister, M., Pia, E., Citizenship in contemporary Europe, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008.
Lupel, A., ‘Regionalism and globalization: post-nation or extended nation?’, Polity, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2004, https://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/lupel_polity_jan2004.pdf [2017-09-15].
Manyija, J., Lund, S., Bughin, J., and others, ‘Digital globalization: the new era of global flows’, McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), 2016, http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/digitalglobalization-the-new-era-of-global-flows [2017-09-15].
Nesti, G., Public communication in the European Union: History, perspectives and challenges, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010, http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/60110 [2017-09-15].
Philippe, M., Ottaviano, G., ‘The geography of multi-speed Europe’, Centre d’etudes prospectives et d’information internationales, No. 10, 1995, http://cepii.fr/PDF_PUB/wp/1995/wp1995-10.pdf [2017-09-15].
Raidio Teilifis Eireann (RTE), ‘EU’s Juncker lays out five pathways to unity’, 1 March 2017, https://www.rte.ie/news/analysis-and-comment/2017/0301/856453-eus-juncker-publishes-white-paper/ [2017-09-15].
Renan, E., What is a nation?, Conference delivered at the Sorbonne, 1882, http://ucparis.fr/files/9313/6549/9943/What_is_a_Nation.pdf [2017-09-15].
Rosamond, B., Theories of European integration, New York: MacMillan, 2000.
Schweiger, C., ‘The EU’s multiple cores and the CEEs: a threat or an opportunity?’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 27-46.
Duchesne, S., ‘Social Gap: The Double Meaning of Overlooking’, in: Duchesne, S., Frazer, E., Haegel, F., van Ingelgom, V. (eds.), Citizens’ reactions to European integration compared, New York: MacMillan, 2013.
Woolf, S.J., Nationalism in Europe, 1815 to the present, Routledge: New York, 2002.
Zimmerman, H., Dür, A., Key controversies in European integration. London: MacMillan Education, 2012.