Zeszyt 1 | Instytut Europy Środkowej

Artykuł

Central and Eastern Europe: Imaginary Geographies, Geopolitics and Security Issues

Nina Paulovicova

Liczba wyświetleń: 1758

The following editorial offers a reflection on the situation of Central and Eastern Europe with a special focus on the European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood and Russia. In the past few years, we have witnessed the divisive impact of neoliberalism, economic recession, Britain’s departure from the EU, the refugee and migrant crisis which further shattered societies along cultural lines, the aggressive expansionism of Russia exploiting the weakness of the West, and more recently, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic with an unprecedented impact on societies, global health and economy. The editorial reflects on how Central and Eastern Europe scores among the imaginative geographies and how these imaginative geographies translate into geopolitics concerning hard and soft power application in the Eastern European Neighbourhood.

N. Paulovicova, T. Stępniewski, Central and Eastern Europe: Imaginary Geographies, Geopolitics and Security Issues, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 7-22, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.1

Bauman, Z., ‘What is Central in Central Europe?’, in: Yet Another Europe After 1984: Rethinking Milan Kundera and the Idea of Central Europe, ed. L. Donskis, Value Inquiry Book Series, Amsterdam: Brill, Rodopi, 2012.
Bayer, L., ‘How Orban broke the EU and got away with it’, Politico, 24 September 2020, https://www.politico.eu/article/how-viktor-orban-brokethe-eu-and-got-away-with-it-hungary-rule-of-law/.
Blokker, P., ‘The Ruins of a Myth or a Myth in Ruins? Freedom and Cohabitation in Central Europe’, in: The Inhabited Ruins of Central Europe, eds. D. Gafijczuk, D. Sayer, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Bodnar, J., ‘Shamed by Comparison. Eastern Europe and the Rest’, in: EUtROPEs. The Paradox of European Empire, eds. J.W. Boyer, B. Molden, Parisian Notebooks, no. 7, Paris, France, Chicago, Illinois, 2014.
Bokajło, J., ’Polish energy strategy – in the quest for economy. Reflections on the Polish energy policy in the perspective of endogenous growth theory and global trends within the context of Visegrad cooperation’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 18, no. 1, 2020.
Buras, P., ‘Dylematy państwa status quo. Nowa kwestia niemiecka w Europie’, Sprawy Międzynarodowe, LXVII, no. 4, 2014.
Davies, N., God’s Playground. A History of Poland. The Origins to 1795, New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.
De La Baume, M., ‘Poland Joins Hungary in threatening to block EU’s budget and Coronavirus Recovery Package’, Politico, 18 September 2020, https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-joins-hungary-in-threat-to-block-euslandmark-budget-and-recovery-package/.
Dempsey, J., ‘Doubletake. Does Russia Divide Europe?’, New Eastern Europe, no. 5, September-October 2015.
Dhand, O., The Idea of Central Europe: Geopolitics, Culture and Regional identity, London: I.B. Tauris, 2018.
Fedorowicz, K., ‘Ukraińskie rewolucje a parlamentaryzm’, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, vol. 12, no 2, 2014.
Ganesh, B., Froio, C., ‘A “Europe des Nations”: far right imaginative geographies and the politicization of cultural crisis on Twitter in Western Europe’, Journal of European Integration, no. 42, vol. 5, 2020.
Gawron-Tabor, K., ‘Challenges and threats to the security of the Visegrad Group countries: intensification of relations with the United States as a means to overcome risks?’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 18, no. 1, 2020.
Gehrke, L., ‘The two countries say they want to ensure they’re not treated unfairly under Brussels’ double standards’, Politico, 29 September 2020, https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-and-hungary-charge-brusselswith-double-standards-on-rule-oflaw/?fbclid=IwAR0w93XxDPLbFyq6q993GU3bAJ7nwclRNfq2fhNmgmgkBIR4d5qOkrU62W8.
‘Jak Rosja chce wrócić z peryferii do centrum globalizacji. Rozmowa z rosyjskim politologiem Dmitrjem Treninem’, Europa. Miesięcznik Idei, no. 6, Fundacja im. Immanuela Kanta.
Jureńczyk, Ł., ‘The 2019 NATO Summit in London in the context of Poland’s military insecurity’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 2020, vol. 18, no. 1.
Krastev, I., ‘How to Avoid Europe’s Disintegration’, New Eastern Europe, no. 5, September–October 2015.
Kucharska, A., ‘Cybersecurity challenges in Poland in the face of energy transision’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 18, no. 1, 2020.
Laurelle, M., Rivera, E., ‘Imagined Geographies of Central and Eastern Europe. The Concept of Intermarium’, IERES Occasional Papers, Transnational History of the Far Right Series, no. 1, March 2019, https://www.illiberalism.org/imagined-geographies-of-central-and-eastern-europethe-concept-of-intermarium/.
Menkiszak, M., ‘A strategic continuation, a tactical change. Russia’s European security policy’, OSW Point of View, no. 76, October 2019.
Mignolo, W.D., Walsh, C.E., On Decoloniality. Concepts, Analytics, Praxis, Durham: Duke University Press, 2018.
Nitoiu, C., Sus, M., ‘Introduction: The Rise of Geopolitics in the EU’s Approach in its Eastern Neighbourhood’, Geopolitics, vol. 1, no. 24, 2019.
‘Obama, Clinton, Putin, Merkel, Kaczyński… Jak urządzą nam świat w 2016’, Gazeta Wyborcza/Magazyn Świąteczny, 2 January 2016, http://wyborcza.pl/magazyn/1,149896,19419244,obama-clinton-putin-merkel-kaczynski-jak-urzadza-nam.html.
Orzechowski, M., Jartyś, J., ‘Annexation of Crimea and federalization of Donbas as the exemplification of hybrid warfare in Ukraine. Implications for Poland’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 18, no. 1, 2020.
Orzelska-Stączek, A., ‘New wave of regional cooperation in Central Europe as a response to new threats’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 18, no. 1, 2020.
Paulovicova, N., ‘The far right ĽSNS in Slovakia and its reconstruction of the nation’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 18, no. 1, 2020.
Rotfeld, A.D., ‘Porządek międzynarodowy. Parametry zmiany’, Sprawy Międzynarodowe, no. 4(LXVII), 2014,, p. 37.
Russia as Civilization, eds. K. Mjør, S. Turoma, London: Routledge, 2020. Sakwa, R., Frontline Ukraine. Crisis in the Borderlands, London-New York: I.B. Tauris, 2015.
Speck, U., ‘Power and Purpose. German Foreign Policy at a Crossroads’, Carnegie Europe, 3 November 2014, http://carnegieeurope.eu/2014/11/03/power-and-purpose-german-foreign-policy-at-crossroads.
Stępniewski, T., ‘The EU’s Eastern Partnership and the Way Forward After Riga’, International Issues & Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs, vol. XXIV, no. 1-2, 2015.
Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, eds. T. Stępniewski, A. Gil, A. Szabaciuk, A. Visvizi, vol. 12, no. 2, 2014.
Sykulski, L., ‘Russian geopolitical doctrine of “Velikiy Limitrof” ’, European Journal of Geopolitics, no.7, 2019.
Szabaciuk, A., ‘On the Verge of a New Cold War? The Anti-Western Dimension of Vladimir Putin’s Eurasian Integration Project’, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, vol. 11, no. 6, 2013.
Szewcowa, L., ‘Polem gry Kremla jest chaos’, trans. A. Ehrlich, Gazeta Wyborcza/Magazyn Świąteczny, 27 June 2015, http://wyborcza.pl/magazyn/1,145325,18248326,Polem_gry_Kremla_jest_chaos.html#TRwknd.
Szücs, J., ‘The Three Historic Regions of Europe, An Outline’, Acta Historica Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 29 (2–4).
Todorova, M., Imagining the Balkans, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Tsygankov, A.P., Russia’s Foreign Policy. Change and Continuity in National Identity, 2nd ed., Lanham 2010.
Vieten, U.M., Poynting, S., ‘Contemporary Far Right Racist Populism in Europe’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, no. 6 (37), 2016.
Zieliński, T., ‘The perception of security threats in EU and NATO strategic documents: implications for the countries of the Eastern flank’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 18, no. 1, 2020.

Artykuł

The perception of security threats in EU and NATO strategic documents: implications for the countries of the Eastern flank

Tadeusz Zieliński

Liczba wyświetleń: 1524

The anticipation of security threats is one of the key elements in the determination of objectives and the main direction for the functioning of states or organizations. It constitutes a fundamental basis for building capacity, aimed at counteracting the identified threats or limiting the emergence of new ones. This is also applicable to the European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which in their security documents identify threats that may have an impact on their existence and future development. The purpose of this article is to identify common threats to EU and NATO security, as well as to demonstrate their impact on the security of the countries of the Eastern flank. The analyses, comparisons and generalizations are based on strategic documents concerning the sphere of EU and NATO security (the EU security strategies and the NATO strategic concepts). The analyzed timeline covered the period from the end of the Cold War until the publication of the strategic documents in question. The perception of threats to the external security of the EU and NATO was contrasted with the results of public opinion polls from the member states of both organizations. The general result leads to the conclusion that the perception of security threats, contained in the strategic documents of the above-mentioned entities, is essentially identical; however, the priorities in the scope of reducing the risks associated with the occurrence of specific threats are perceived differently, including the Eastern flank countries.

T. Zieliński, The perception of security threats in EU and NATO strategic documents: implications for the countries of the Eastern flank, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 25-42, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.2

‘Active Engagement, Modern Defence. Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation adopted by Heads of State and Government in Lisbon’, nato.int, 19 Novem¬ber 2010, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_68580.htm.

Archick, K., ‘The European Union: Ongoing Challenges and Future Prospects’. Report R44249. Washington D.C.: Congressional Research Service, fas. org, December 2018, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44249.pdf.

Buzanski, M., ‘Threat Perceptions and Scenarios for EU Security and Defense. Outcomes Report of the Mercator European Dialogue Workshop Brussels – 9 July 2018’, mercatoreuropeandialogue.org, 9 July 2018, https://www. mercatoreuropeandialogue.org/download-file/726/.

Collins, B.J., NATO: A guide to the issues, Santa Barbara: Preager 2011.

Council of the European Union, ‘European Security Strategy: A Secure Eu¬rope in a Better World’, consilium.europa.eu, December 2003, https:// www.consilium.europa.eu/media/30823/qc7809568enc.pdf.

Dennison, S., Franke, U.E, Zerka, P., ‘The nightmare of the dark. The security fears that keep Europeans awake at night’, ecfr.eu, July 2018, https://www. ecfr.eu/page/-/SECURITY_SCORECARD_267.pdf.

‘Deterrence and Defence Posture Review’, nato.int, 20 May 2012, https://www. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_87597.htm.

‘EU-NATO Cooperation. A Secure Vision for Europe. Discussion Paper’, friendsofeurope.org, June 2019, https://www.friendsofeurope.org/in¬sights/eu-nato-cooperation-a-secure-vision-for-europe/.

European External Action Service, ‘Shared Vision, Common Action: A Strong¬er Europe. A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign And Se¬curity Policy’, eeas.europa.eu, June 2016, http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/ docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.

Helwig, N., ‘New tasks for EU-NATO cooperation. Comment No. 4’, swp-berlin.org, January 2018, https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/ products/comments/2018C04_hlw.pdf.

Koziej, S., ‘Ewolucja i scenariusze kształtowania się środowiska bezpieczeń¬stwa europejskiego’, in: Bezpieczeństwo Europy w globalnym świecie. Szanse i zagrożenia przyszłości w warunkach przesileń cywilizacyjnych, eds. J. Kleer, K. Prandecki, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk, 2018.

Koziej, S., ‘Ewolucja strategii bezpieczeństwa Unii Europejskiej’, Myśl Ekono¬miczna i Polityczna, no. 2, 2018, DOI: 10.26399/meip.2(61).2018.23/s.koziej.

Koziej, S., ‘Strategia globalna UE: szanse i dalsze wyzwania wdrożeniowe’, pu¬laski.pl, 7 February 2017, https://pulaski.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Pulaski_Policy_Papers_Nr_3_17.pdf.

Krastev, I., After Europe, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.

Krumm, R., Dienes, A., Weiß, S. et al., ‘Wake-up call for Europe!’, fes.de, http:// library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/wien/15176-20190412.pdf.

NATO, ‘The Alliance’s New Strategic Concept agreed by the Heads of State and Government participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Coun¬cil’, nato.int, 7-8 November 1991, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/of¬ficial_texts_23847.htm?selectedLocale=en.

NATO, ‘The Alliance’s Strategic Concept Approved by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Washington D.C.’, nato.int, 24 April 1999, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natohq/official_texts_27433.htm?selectedLocale=en

‘NATO: Ready For The Future. Adapting the Alliance (2018-2019)’, nato.int, https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_11/20191129_191129-adaptation_2018_2019_en.pdf.

‘NATO and the Future of Peace in Europe: Towards a Tailored Approach’, ed. M. Terlikowski, The Polish Institute of International Affairs, pism.pl, https://www.pism.pl/file/3c058bdf-39af-49d6-8700-390b8e9a13ad.

Piskorska, B., ‘Globalna strategia a redefinicja polityki Unii Europejskiej w jej sąsiedztwie’, Roczniki Nauk Społecznych, no. 1, 2018, DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.18290/rns.2018.46.1-4.

Soloch, P., Pietrzak, P., ‘Szczyt NATO w Warszawie: uwarunkowania, rezul¬taty, wnioski dla Polski’, Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe, no. I-IV, 2016.

Svárovský, M., ‘The NATO Eastern Flank and the US Military Presence in the Region. Report 2019’, europeanvalues.net, https://www.europeanvalues. net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/The-NATO-Eastern-Flank-and-the-US-Military-Presence-In-The-Region.pdf.

Terlikowski, M., ‘Navigating Through Threat Perceptions in Europe’, ethz.ch, 16 December 2015, https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/ article.html/195270/pdf.

‘Wales Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Wales’, nato.int, 5 September 2014, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/offi¬cial_texts_112964.htm.

‘Warsaw Summit Communiqué Issued by the Heads of State and Govern¬ment participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Warsaw 8-9 July 2016’, nato.int, 9 July 2016, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/ official_texts_133169.htm.

Artykuł

The 2019 NATO Summit in London in the context of Poland’s military security

Łukasz Jureńczyk

Liczba wyświetleń: 1392

The paper provides reflections on NATO’s London Summit held on 3 and 4 December 2019 in the context of Poland’s military security. The paper is divided into an introduction, six sections, and a conclusion. The first section is devoted to issues of formation, functioning, and disintegration of alliances from the perspective of the theory of defensive structural realism and explains the methodological assumptions of the paper. The second section presents the atmosphere as prevailed before and during the Summit, which significantly impacted its process. The following sections are devoted to the main problems raised during the Summit from the perspective of Poland’s military security. The first involved the approval of Poland and the Baltic states’ defense plans together with a discussion on the danger of their blocking by the Turkish delegation. Another issue was the symbolic and practical confirmation of Article 5 of the Washington Treaty’s significance in the perspective of the approach to Russia’s threat. The next two problems concerned the level of Member States’ defense spending and the vision of strengthening the EU’s defense potential. The paper’s main thesis is that the decisions of the NATO Summit in London have had a positive impact on Poland’s military security. However, the climate and discussions that accompanied the Summit also brought a great deal of uncertainty and revealed a growing gap between allies concerning various issues.

Jureńczyk, The 2019 NATO Summit in London in the context of Poland’s military security, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 43-59, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.3

Adelphi Papers, NATO and Europe, New York 2006.

Balcerowicz, B., Sojusz a obrona narodowa, Warszawa: Bellona, 1999.

Bayer, L., ‘Meet von der Leyen’s geopolitical Commission’, Politico, 4 December 2019, https://www.politico.eu/article/meet-ursula-von-der-leyen-geopolitical-commission/.

Bell, O.R., ‘Brain-dead or not brain-dead? That is not the question’, Atlantic Council, 12 November 2019, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ new-atlanticist/brain-dead-or-not-brain-dead-that-is-not-the-question/.

Brzozowski, A., ‘Poland hopes to sway Turkish threat to NATO’s Eastern defence plans’, Euractiv, 3 December 2019, https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/news/poland-hopes-to-sway-turkish-threat-to-natos-eastern-defence-plans/.

Brzozowski, A., ‘Turkey continues to block NATO’s Eastern defence plans’, Euractiv, 10 December 2019, https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/news/turkey-continues-to-block-natos-eastern-defence-plans/.

Czaputowicz, J., Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe. Współczesne koncepcje, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2012.

Dempsey, J., ‘Judy Asks: Is NATO Brain-Dead?’, Carnegie Europe, 28 November 2019, https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/80450.

Dybczyński, A., Sojusze międzynarodowe, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2014.

‘Emmanuel Macron warns Europe: NATO is becoming brain-dead’, The Economist, 7 November 2019, https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/11/07/ emmanuel-macron-warns-europe-nato-is-becoming-brain-dead.

Erlanger, S., ‘Macron Says NATO Is Experiencing Brain Death Because of Trump’, The New York Times, 7 November 2019, https://www.nytimes. com/2019/11/07/world/europe/macron-nato-brain-death.html.

Government of the Netherlands, ‘Churchill Lecture by Prime Minister Mark Rutte, Europa Institut at the University of Zurich’, government.nl, 13 February 2019, https://www.government.nl/documents/speeches/2019/02/13/ churchill-lecture-by-prime-minister-mark-rutte-europa-institut-at-the-university-of-zurich.

Larsen, J. A., ‘NATO’s responses to Russian belligerence: an overview’ in: NATO and Collective Defence in the 21st Century. An Assessment of the Warsaw Summit, ed. K. Friis, London-New York: Routledge, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315227856-2.

‘London NATO Summit a success for Alliance and Poland – president’, Polish Press Agency, 4 December 2019, https://www.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C552580%2Clondon-nato-Summit-success-alliance-and-poland-president.html.

Madej, M., ‘Sojusze polityczno-wojskowe – NATO’, in: Bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe, eds. R. Kuźniar et al., Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2012.

‘National Security Bureau meet prior to London NATO Summit’, Poland In, 30 November 2019, https://polandin.com/45568834/national-security-bureau-meet-prior-to-london-nato-Summit.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, London Declaration. Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in London 3-4 December 2019, 4 December 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_171584.htm, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvvndts.15.

‘Poland expects clear message from NATO Summit in London: official’, Poland In, 3 December 2019, https://polandin.com/45609676/poland-expects-clear-message-from-nato-Summit-in-london-official.

‘NATO members adopt joint declaration in London despite Summit tensions’, The Defence Post, 4 December 2019, https://thedefencepost.com/2019/12/04/nato-joint-statement-london/.

The Ministry of National Defence of Poland, ‘NATO defence ministerial meeting’, gov.pl, 12 February 2020, https://www.gov.pl/web/national-defence/nato-defence-ministerial-meeting.

‘Turkey threatens to block NATO’s Baltic defence plan over YPG’, Al-Jazeera, 3 December 2019, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/turkey-threatens-block-nato-baltic-defence-plan-ypg-191203083651527.html.

Walt, S.M., The Origins of Alliances, Ithaca-New York: Cornell University Press, 1987.

Waltz, K.N., Theory of International Politics, New York: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1979.

Webber, M., ‘Introduction: Is NATO a theory-free zone?’, in: Theorising NATO. New perspectives on the Atlantic alliance, eds. M. Webber, A. Hyde-Price, London-New York: Routledge, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315658001.

Wemer, D.A., ‘NATO is defined by its success—not its tensions’, Atlantic Council, 3 December 2019, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/nato-is-defined-by-its-success-not-its-tensions/.

Wintour, P., ‘Nato to launch fundamental review of its future direction’, The Guardian, 4 December 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/04/turkey-agrees-to-back-nato-plan-for-baltic-states-and-poland.

Artykuł

Annexation of Crimea and federalization of Donbas as the exemplification of hybrid warfare in Ukraine. Implications for Poland

Marcin Orzechowski

Liczba wyświetleń: 1430

In the article, the authors attempted to analyze the actions of the Russian Federation towards Ukraine. The research goal was to justify the hypothesis that in the case of Ukraine, the neo-imperial expansionist strategy in the post-Soviet area is implemented through the deconstruction of statehood as a result of a hybrid war. The authors try to answer the following questions: what consequences can such actions have for Poland and is there a real threat from Russia for the countries of Central Europe? As a result of the analysis, the authors managed to obtain affirmative answers to the above questions.

M. Orzechowski, J. Jartyś, Annexation of Crimea and federalization of Donbas as the exemplification of hybrid warfare in Ukraine. Implications for Poland, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 61-78, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.4

Bachman, S., Gunneriusson H., ‘Terrorism and Cyber Attacks as Hybrid Threats: Defining a Comprehensive Approach for Countering 21st Century Threats to Global Peace and Security’, The Journal on Terrorism and Security Analysis, Spring 2014, 9th edition, 2 April 2014, http://eprints. bournemouth.ac.uk/21206/1/Terrorism_and_Cyber_Attacks.pdf.

Baezner, M., Robin P., ‘Hotspot Analysis: Cyber and information warfare in the Ukrainian conflict’, Center for Security Studies (CSS), ETH Zürich, October 2018, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322364443_Cy-ber_and_Information_warfare_in_the_Ukrainian_conflict.

Bershidskyy, L., ‘Unreformed Ukraine is in Danger of Becoming a Failed State’, Bloomberg, 6 November 2015, https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2015-11-06/ unreformed-ukraine-is-self-destructing.

Biała Księga Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, 2015, http://www.bialystok.ap.gov.pl/arch/teksty/biala_ksiega.pdf.Reject

Brzeziński, Z., Wielka szachownica. Główne cele polityki amerykańskiej, Warszawa: Politeja, 1997.

Doktryna cyberbezpieczeństwa RP, 2015, https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dok/01/ DCB.pdf.

Gierasimow, W., ‘Cennost’ nauki w priedwidienii, Nowyje wyzowy triebujut pierieosmyslenija form i sposobow wiedienijabojewych diej’ [‘Ценность науки в предвидении, Новые вызовы требуют переосмысления форм и способов ведения боевых действий’], Wojenno-promyszlennyj Kurjer [Военно-промышленный Курьер], no. 8 (476), 2013, http://vpk-news.ru/ sites/default/files/pdf/VPK_08_476.pdf.

Gil, G., Upadanie państwa w stosunkach międzynarodowych po zimnej wojnie, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMCS, 2015.

Gilbert, D., ‘BlackEnergy Cyber Attacks Against Ukrainian Government Linked to Russia’, ibtimes.co.uk, 26 September 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/blackenergy-cyber-attacks-against-ukrainian-government-linked-russia-1467401.Reject

Gruszczak, A., ‘Hybrydowość współczesnych wojen – analiza krytyczna’, in: Asymetria i hybrydowość – stare armie wobec nowych konfliktów, eds. W. Sokała, B. Zapała, http://www.bbn.gov.pl/download/1/8755/Hy-brydowos___wspolczesnych_wojen_____analiza_krytyczna.pdf.

Johnson, R.F., ‘Russia’s hybrid war in Ukraine is working’, http://www.janes.com/article/49469/update-russia-s-hybrid-war-in-ukraine-is-working.

Jones, S., ‘Ukraine PM’s office hit by cyber-attack linked to Russia’, ft.com, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2352681e-1e55-11e4-9513-00144feabdc0. html#axzz3Sl3skQKn.

Kaldor, M., New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Stanford: University Press, 2001.

Konstitucyja Donieckoj Narodnoj Riespubliki [Конституция Донецкой Народной Республики], 30 August 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20140830221524/http://dnr.today/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/aeAEI.pdf.

Konstitucyja Ługanskoj Narodnoj Riespubliki [Конституция Луганской Народной Республики], 26 December 2014, https://archive.is/BbQdc.

Koziej, S., ‘Strategiczna odporność kraju i rola w niej podmiotów niepaństwowych’, Krytyka Prawa, 2016, no.1.

Kowalczyk, M., ‘Sputnik ruszył z rosyjską propagandą po polsku’, press.pl, 23 February 2015, http://www.press.pl/newsy/internet/pokaz/48006,Sputnik-ruszyl-z-rosyjska-propaganda-po-polsku.

Lasica, D.T., Strategic Implications of Hybrid War: A Theory of Victory, Fort Leavenworth: School of Advanced Military Studies, United Army Command and General Staff College Press, 2009.

Marks, T.A., ‘Counterinsurgency and operational art’, Low Intensity Conflicts & Law Enforcement, no. 13, 2005.

Orzechowski, M., ‘Wojna hybrydowa jako przejaw neoimperialnego ekspansjonizmu w strategii politycznej Federacji Rosyjskiej wobec Ukrainy’, TEKA Komisji Politologii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych, no. 11/3, 2016.

Palazzo, A., Trentini, A., ‘Hybrid, Complex, Conventional, Fourth-Generation Counterinsur-gency. It’s Decision that Still Matters Most’, Australian Army Journal, no. 1, 2010.

Pietraś M., ‘Istota i specyfika konfliktów niskiej intensywności’, in: Konflikt niskiej intensywności w Naddniestrzu, eds. M. Celewicz, J. Kłoczowski, M. Pietraś, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, 2006.

Projekt Doktryny bezpieczeństwa informacyjnego RP, 2015, https://www. bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dok/01/Projekt_Doktryny_Bezpieczenstwa_Informacyjnego_RP.pdf.

Prokopowicz, D., Gwoździewicz, S., ‘Analiza bezpieczeństwa ochrony systemów informatycznych w kontekście globalnego cyberataku ransomware przeprowadzonego 27 czerwca 2017 roku’, in: Prawne i społeczne aspekty cyberbezpieczeństwa, eds. S. Gwoździewicz, K. Tomaszycki, Warsaw: Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji „Nauka – Edukacja – Rozwój”, 2017.

Raport o stanie bezpieczeństwa cyberprzestrzeni RP w roku 2014, March 2015, http://www.cert.gov.pl/cer/publikacje/raporty-o-stanie-bezpi/738,Raporto-stanie-bezpieczenstwa cyberprzestrzeni-RP-w-2014-roku.html.

Robb, J., Brave New War. The Next Stage of Terrorism and the End of Globalization, Hoboken: Wiley, 2007.

‘Rol Gienieralnogo sztaba w organizacyi oborony strany w sootwietstwii s nowym Położenijem o Gienieralnom sztabie, utwierżdionnym Priezidientom Rossijskoj Fiedieracyi’ [‘Роль Генерального штаба в организации обороны страны в соответствии с новым Положением о Генеральном штабе, утверждённым Президентом Российской Федерации’], http:// www.avnrf.ru/index.php/vse-novosti-sajta/620-rol-generalnogo-shtaba-v-organizatsii-oborony-strany-v-sootvetstvii-s-novym-polozheniem-o-generalnom-shtabe-utverzhdjonnym-prezidentom-rossijskoj-federatsii.

Romanienko, J., ‘Pierwaja gibridnaja. Kogda Rossija naczała wojnuprotiw Ukrainy?’ [‘Первая гибридная. Когда Россия начала войну против Украины?’], 10 March 2015, http://hvylya.net/analytics/politics/pervaya-gibridnaya-kogda-rossiya-nachala-voynu-protiv-ukrainyi.html.

‘Russia and Ukraine: Information warfare’, 17 June 2014, http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/russia-ukraine-information-warfare/.

Sankowski, M., ‘Rosyjskie Służby Specjalne. Reforma Kremla wskrzesi KGB?’, osluzbach.pl, 23 April 2018, https://osluzbach.pl/2018/04/23/rosyjskie-sluzby-specjalne-reforma-kremla-wskrzesi-kgb/.

Soroka, G., Stępniewski T., ‘The Three Seas Initiative: Geopolitical Determinants and Polish Interests’, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, vol. 17, no. 3, 2019.Reject

‘Sputnik, o projekcie’, Sputnik News, http://pl.sputniknews.com///docs/about/index. html#ixzz3SrQTLf50.

Stępniewski, T., ‘Determinanty wewnętrzne polityki zagranicznej Ukrainy pod rządami Wołodymyra Zełenskiego’, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo- Wschodniej, vol. 17, no. 1, 2019.Reject

Strategia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, 2014, https:// www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/SBN%20RP.pdf.

Weimann, G., ‘Cyberterrorism, How Real Is the Threat?’, usip.org, December 2004, http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr119.pdf.

Wilk, A., ‘Ćwiczenia Zapad-2017 – wojna (na razie) informacyjna’, Komentarze OSW, 4 September 2017, https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/ komentarze_249.pdf.

Artykuł

New wave of regional cooperation in Central Europe as a response to new threats

Agnieszka Orzelska-Stączek

Liczba wyświetleń: 1486

The aim of the article is to examine the revival of regional cooperation in 2015 in Central Europe in the context of new challenges and threats emerging from the international environment for the security of Poland and other Central and Eastern European states. I focus on the Bucharest Nine (Bucharest format, B9), the Three Seas Initiative (3SI), and the reactivation of the Visegrad Group. The most significant research question concerns correlations between the new wave of regionalism in Central Europe and new threats. The results of the research confirm the main thesis that new threats became the primary impulse for the new wave of regional cooperation, initiated in 2015. Among the new threats, the article points out to the policy of the Russian Federation, perceived after the annexation of Crimea in 2014 as the primary source of military threat for Central Europe. In terms of non-military threats, strengthening German-Russian energy cooperation was considered as a significant challenge for the energy security of Central European states. In a broader sense, the source of most serious threats for Central Europe came from the erosion of the Euro-Atlantic system. The theoretical and methodological framework is based on realist assumptions and qualitative research methods.

A. Orzelska-Stączek, New wave of regional cooperation in Central Europe as a response to new threats, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 79-97, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.5

Adamczyk, A., ‘Visegrad Group countries and the immigration crisis in the European Union’, Przegląd Europejski, vol. 43, no. 1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.1.17.1.

Backer, R., Wincławska, M., Rak, J., Metodologia badań politologicznych, Warszawa: Polskie Towarzystwo Nauk Politycznych, 2016.

Bajda, P., ‘The Visegrad Group between the Trade-mark and the Political Organization of the Peripheral Countries’, in: Is Visegrad Still a Central European “Trade Mark”?, eds. J. Marušiak, P. Bajda, Bratislava: Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 2013.

Bauerova, H., ‘Migration Policy of the V4 in the Context of Migration Crisis’, Politics in Central Europe, vol. 14, no. 2, 2018, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327723240_Migration_Policy_of_the_V4_in_the_Con-text_of_Migration_Crisis, https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2018-0011.

Chojan, A., ‘The United States on the Three Seas Initiative’, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, vol. 17, no. 3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.3.5.

Chojan, A., ‘The Visegrad Group and the Migration Crisis in Europe: a Discussion in the Context of the Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy’, in: Place and Role of the Visegrád Group Countries in the European Union, eds. J. Fiszer, A. Chojan, P. Olszewski, Warszawa: IPS PAS, 2019.

Czaputowicz, J., Teorie stosunków międzynarodowych, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2008.

Czyż, A., ‘Państwa Grupy Wyszehradzkiej wobec kryzysu migracyjnego’, Studia Politicae Universitatis Silesiensis, vol. 18, 2017.

Czyż, A., Współpraca regionalna państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej. Doświadczenia i perspektywy, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2018.

Dahl, M., ‘Evolution of Germany’s Stance Regarding the Three Seas Initiative’, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, vol. 17, no. 3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.3.4.

Devine, F., ‘Metody jakościowe’, in: Teorie i metody w naukach politycznych, eds. D. Marsh, G. Stoker, Kraków: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2006.

Discours du Président Jean-Claude Juncker au sommet de l’Initiative des Trois Mers, Bucarest, 18 September 2018, Commission européenne, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-18-5825_fr.htm.

Dziewiałtowski-Gintowt, B., ‘One Belt, One Road Between Three Seas: China’s Soft-power Policy Towards “New” EU Members’, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, vol. 17, no. 3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.3.6.

‘Emmanuel Macron warns Europe: NATO is becoming brain-dead’, The Economist, 7 November 2019, https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/11/07/emmanuel-macron-warns-europe-nato-is-becoming-brain-dead .

Filary-Szczepanik, M., Anarchia i dyscyplina. Rzecz o realistycznych teoriach stosunków międzynarodowych Hansa Morgenthaua i Kennetha Waltza, Kraków: Wydawcnitwo Naukowe Akademii Ignatianum, 2019.

Glaser, Ch.L., ‘Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help’, International Security, vol. 19, no. 3, 1994-1995, https://doi.org/10.2307/2539079.

Groszkowski, J., ‘Czechy i Słowacja wobec kryzysu migracyjnego’, Analizy OSW, 16 September 2015.

Guzzini, S., Realizm w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, 2017.

Jakóbik, W., ‘Nord Stream 2 w polityce zagranicznej rządu RP w latach 2015-2018’, Sprawy Międzynarodowe, no. 4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.35757/sm.2018.71.4.06.

Joint Declaration of the Fourth Summit of the Three Seas Initiative (Ljubljana, 5-6 June 2019), https://three.si/joint-declaration.

Joint Declaration on “Allied Solidarity and Shared Responsibility” by the Presidents of the Republic of Bulgaria, the Republic of Estonia, Hungary, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Poland, Romania and the Slovak Republic and the President of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic, http://nato.mae.ro/ en/local-news/904.

Joint Statement Of The Heads Of Governments Of The Visegrad Group Countries, Prague, 4 September 2015, http://www.visegradgroup.eu/documents/official-statements#_2015.

Joint Statement of V4 Interior Ministers on the Establishment of the Migration Crisis Response Mechanism, Warsaw, 21 November 2016, http:// www.visegradgroup.eu/calendar/2016/joint-statement-of-v4.

Joint Statement on the Three Seas Initiative (The Dubrovnik Statement), http://three-seas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DUBROVNIK.pdf.

Kardaś, Sz., ‘Nord Stream 2 w polityce energetycznej Rosji’, Sprawy Międzynarodowe, no. 4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.35757/sm.2018.71.4.05.

Kik, K., ‘Regionalne aspekty polityki zagranicznej Polski’, Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna, no. 2, 2019.

Kowal, P., Orzelska-Stączek, A., Inicjatywa Trójmorza: geneza, cele i funkcjonowanie, Warszawa: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, 2019, https:// www.academia.edu/39367833/Inicjatywa_Tr%C3%B3jmorza_geneza_ cele_i_funkcjonowanie_The_Three_Seas_Initiative_origins_goals_and_ functioning.

Koziej, S., ‘The role of the Visegrád Group in European Security’, in: Place and Role of the Visegrád Group Countries in the European Union, eds. J. Fiszer, A. Chojan, P. Olszewski, Warszawa: IPS PAS, 2019.

Kozub-Karkut, M., ‘Neoclassical Realism and Foreign Policy Analysis – A Possible Way of Integration?’, Teoria Polityki, no. 3, 2019, www.ejournals.eu/pliki/art/14198/ https://doi.org/10.4467/25440845tp.19.011.10294.

Lamont, Ch., Research methods in international relations, Los Angeles: Sage Publications Ltd., 2015.

Legro, J.W., Moravcsik, A., ‘Is Anybody Still a Realist?’, International Security, vol. 24, no. 2, 1999, https://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/anybody.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560130.

Łoskot-Strachota, A., Bajczuk, R., Kardaś, Sz., ‘Nord Stream 2 divides the West’, OSW commentary, 18 June 2018.

Maas, H., ‘Courage to Stand Up for Europe’, 13 June 2018 https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/maas-europeunited/2106528.

Maas, H., ‘Making plans for a new world order’, 22 August 2018, https://global. handelsblatt.com/opinion/making-plans-new-world-order-germany-us-trump-trans-atlantic-relations-heiko-maas-europe-956306.

‘National Security Bureau head: Bucharest Nine unity strengthens NATO’, prezydent.pl, 5 April 2019, https://www.prezydent.pl/en/news/art,1010,national-security-bureau-head-bucharest-nine-unity-strengthens-nato.html.

National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland, Warsaw 2007.

Organizacje i ugrupowania międzynarodowe wobec wyzwań XXI wieku: multilateralna współpraca państw w świecie postzimnowojennym, ed. I. Wróbel, Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2006.

Orzelska, A., ‘Bezpieczeństwo Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w perspektywie ładu globalnego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli Polski’, in: System euroatlantycki w wielobiegunowym ładzie międzynarodowym, eds. J. Fiszer, P. Olszewski, Warszawa: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, 2013, http://isppan.waw.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/agnieszka_orzelska_art1.pdf.

Orzelska, A., ‘Współpraca regionalna w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej (1990-2000)’, Studia Polityczne, no. 13, 2002.

Orzelska-Stączek, A., ‘Inicjatywa Trójmorza w świetle teorii realizmu. Polityczne aspekty nowej formy współpracy dwunastu państw’, Sprawy Międzynarodowe, no. 1, 2019, http://czasopisma.isppan.waw.pl/index.php/sm/article/view/130, https://doi.org/10.35757/sm.2019.72.1.07.

Orzelska-Stączek, A., ‘Między transatlantycką i postatlantycką wizją Europy. Zagrożenia dla bezpieczeństwa z perspektywy Polski’, in: Polityka Federacji Rosyjskiej i jej konsekwencje dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, ed. M. Banasik, Warszawa: Difin, 2019.

Orzelska-Stączek, A., ‘Should the Visegrad Group become an international organization?’, in: Place and Role of the Visegrád Group Countries in the European Union, eds. J. Fiszer, A. Chojan, P. Olszewski, Warszawa 2019.

Orzelska-Stączek, A., Ukielski, P., Inicjatywa Trójmorza z perspektywy jej uczestników, Warszawa: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, 2020.

Pachocka, M., ‘Understanding the Visegrad Group states’ response to the migrant and refugee crises 2014+ in the European Union’, Yearbook of Polish European Studies, vol. 19, 2016.

Rogozińska, A., ‘Dziewiątka Bukaresztańska i Idea Trójmorza jako inicjatywy wzmacniające bezpieczeństwo Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej’, in: Polityka Federacji Rosyjskiej i jej konsekwencje dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, ed. M. Banasik , Warszawa: Difin, 2019.

Roth, M., ‘Niemcy o sporze UE z Polską: Chodzi o wolność’ [German minister of state for Europe in interview with J. Bielecki], Rzeczpospolita, 19 September 2018.

Ruszel, M., ‘Znaczenie gazociągu Nord Stream 2 dla polityki energetycznej Republiki Federalnej Niemiec’, Sprawy Międzynarodowe, no. 4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.35757/sm.2018.71.4.04.

Stępniewski, T., Soroka, G., ‘The Three Seas Initiative: Geopolitical Determinants and Polish Interests’, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, vol. 17, no. 3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.3.2.

Szczerski, K., Utopia europejska: kryzys integracji i polska inicjatywa naprawy, Kraków: Biały Kruk, 2017.

Teoria realizmu w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych, eds. J. Czaputowicz, E. Haliżak, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Rambler, 2014.

The Economist Intelligence Unit, https://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?artic leid=1823495766&Country=Poland&topic=Politics_1.

White Book on National Security of the Republic of Poland, 2013, https:// koziej.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/WhiteBook_NationalSecurity_ PL_2013.pdf.

Więcławski, J., Teoria realizmu Hansa J. Morgenthaua: koncepcje, krytyka i znaczenie dla współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych, Olsztyn: Instytut Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie, 2014.

Wilczek, P., Poland’s ambassador to the United States, Mosbacher G., United States’ ambassador to Poland, ‘Partnerstwo polsko-amerykańskie jest silniejsze niż kiedykolwiek’, Rzeczpospolita, 13 November 2018.

Wiśniewski, B., Popescu, O., Ehl, M. et al., ‘Trójmorze – nowy instrument w polskiej polityce zagranicznej’, Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny, vol. 71, no. 4, 2017.

Zając, J., Poland’s Security Policy: The West, Russia, and the Changing International Order, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.

Zięba, R., ‘Rola ugrupowań subregionalnych w nowym systemie bezpieczeństwa europejskiego’, Studia Europejskie, no. 1, 2000.

Żurawski vel Grajewski, P., Baeva Motusić, A., Redlowska, K., Adriatic – Baltic – Black Sea: Visions of Cooperation, Warszawa: Institute for Eastern Studies, 2017, http://www.forum-ekonomiczne.pl/wp-content/ uploads/2017/08/Adriatyk-Ba%C5%82tyk-Morze-Czarne16x24_2017en_ PDF.pdf.

Artykuł

Challenges and threats to the security of the Visegrad Group countries: intensification of relations with the United States as a means to overcome risks?

Karolina Gawron-Tabor

Liczba wyświetleń: 1544

Since January 2017, when Donald Trump assumed the post of US president, there has been a visible intensification of relations between the United States and the countries from Central Europe, aimed at, for example, counteracting challenges and threats faced by the allies. The objective of the article is to analyze challenges and threats to Central Europe, identified by Donald Trump. He points to the necessity: 1) to strengthen NATO and increase the engagement of European allies; 2) to ensure energy security; 3) to counteract threats from two superpowers – Russia and China. The text addresses how important the challenges and threats identified by the American president have been for individual Visegrad states. The article begins by presenting characteristic features of the foreign policy conducted by Donald Trump’s administration which influence relations between the US and the Visegrad countries. It then analyzes the relations between the US and individual states regarding the previously presented challenges and threats. The article’s thesis is that Poland is the only Visegrad country to perceive all three challenges and threats in a way similar to the US, and thus cooperates with the US in this matter. The work is a comparative analysis based on content and narrative analysis.

K. Gawron-Tabor, Challenges and threats to the security of the Visegrad Group countries: intensification of relations with the United States as a means to overcome risks?, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 99-115, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.6

Baksa, B., Pál, B. Szászi, Á., Varga, G., ‘The Value of Central Europe on Donald Trump’s Map: Cooperation and Divergence on Regional Issues (1)’, KKI Policy Brief, E-09, 2020, https://kki.hu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/E- 2020-09_C-EUR-Trump_1.pdf.

Brusenbauch Meislová, M., ‘Relations between the United States and the Czech Republic: From Honeymoon to Hangover?’, in: The Relations Of Central European Countries With The United States, ed. A. Péczeli, Bu-dapest: Dialóg Campus, 2019.

Chojan, A., ‘The United States On The Three Seas Initiative’, Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, vol. 3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.3.5.

Dębiec, K., ‘A crisis in the Czech Republic’s relations with China and Russia’, OSW Analyses, 2 October 2019, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2019-10-02/a-crisis-czech-republics-relations-china-and-russia.

Ižák, Š., SIS vo výročnej správe za rok 2018 upozorňuje na pôsobenie ruských a čínskych spravodajských služieb na Slovensku, 30 June 2019, http://antipropaganda.sk/sis-vo-vyrocnej-sprave-za-rok-2018-upozornuje-na-posobenie-ruskych-cinskych-spravodajskych-sluzieb-na-slovensku/, https://doi.org/10.17846/cl.2019.12.1.59-75.

Jóźwiak, V., ‘Hungarian-Russian Economic Relations’, Bulletin PISM, no. 105 (1853), 2019, https://www.pism.pl/publications/HungarianRussian_Economic_Relations.

Jóźwiak, V., ‘The Role of Defence Cooperation in Hungary’s Relations with the U.S.’, Bulletin PISM, no. 52 (1298), 2019, https://www.pism.pl/publications/The_Role_of_Defence_Cooperation_in_Hungary_s_Rela-tions_with_the_U_S.

Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów RP, Joint declaration made by Poland and the United States of America with regard to 5G, 2 September 2019, https://www.premier.gov.pl/en/news/news/joint-declaration-made-by-poland-and-the-united-states-of-america-with-regard-to-5g.html.

Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí České republiky, Future of the Transatlantic Bond Opening statement by DMFA Tomáš Petříček, 13 September 2018, https://www.mzv.cz/file/3000322/Future_of_the_Transatlantic_Bond. pdf.

Norris, P., Inglehart, R., Cultural Backlash. Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108595841.

Ogrodnik, Ł., ‘Slovakia’s Relations with the United States’, Bulettin PISM, no. 164 (1912), 2019, https://pism.pl/publications/Slovakias_Relations_with_ the_United_States.

Rada, P., ‘The V4-US Relation and the American Foreign Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe’, in: Central Europe and the Visegrad Cooperation: Historical and Policy Perspectives, ed. P. Stepper, Budapest: Antall József Tudásközpont, 2018.

The Hungarian Government, Hungarian Foreign Minister and U.S. Secretary of State to hold talks in Washington, 29 May 2018, https://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs-and-trade/news/hungarian-foreign-minster-and-u-s-secretary-of-state-to-hold-talks-in-washington, https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u165892.

The Hungarian Government, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Péter Szijjártó: Hungary and the United States have confirmed their strategic alliance, 31 May 2018, https://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-foreign-affairs-and-trade/news/hungary-and-the-united-states-have-confirmed-their-strategic-alliance.

The Hungarian Government, Prime Minister Orban: The major powers should have an interest in Hungary’s success, 14 February 2019, https://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/news/the-major-powers-should-have-an-interest-in-hungary-s-success/.

The White House, Joint Declaration on Defense Cooperation Regarding United States Force Posture in the Republic of Poland, 12 June 2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/joint-declaration-defense-cooperation-regarding-united-states-force-posture-republic-poland/.

The White House, Joint Statement by President Donald J. Trump and President Andrzej Duda of the Republic of Poland, 18 September 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/joint-statement-president-donald-j-trump-president-andrzej-duda-republic-poland/.

The White House, Joint Statement by President of the United States Donald J. Trump and Prime Minister of the Czech Republic Andrej Babis, 7 March 2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/joint-statement-president-united-states-donald-j-trump-prime-minister-czech-republic-andrej-babis/.

The White House, Joint Statement from the President of the United States Donald J. Trump and Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic Peter Pellegrini, 3 May 2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/ joint-statement-president-united-states-donald-j-trump-prime-minister-slovak-republic-peter-pellegrini/.

The White House, President Donald J. Trump Is Unleashing American Energy Dominance, 14 May 2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-unleashing-american-energy-dominance/.

The White House, Remarks by President Trump and Prime Minister Viktor Orban of Hungary before bilateral meeting, 13 May 2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-prime-minister-orban-hungary-bilateral-meeting/.

The White House, Remarks by President Trump to the People of Poland, 6 July 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-people-poland/.

The White House, The Inaugural Address by Donald Trump, President, United States of America Delivered at the U.S. Capitol, Washington, D.C., Jan. 20, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/the-inaugural-address/.

Artykuł

Polish energy strategy – in the quest for economy. Reflections on the Polish energy policy in the perspective of endogenous growth theory and global trends within the context of Visegrad cooperation

Justyna Bokajło

Liczba wyświetleń: 1473

Strategies are usually long-term plans. However, many problems appear if they are considered essential issues of social life and economic security, especially considering the need to make choices concerning conditions of limited resources. Another issue is the dilemma of achieving individual goals in the conditions of global interdependencies. One of the key requirements of nation-states is to ensure energy security; therefore, governments are strongly focused on establishing a stable, enduring, and useful energy strategy. Therefore, the point of importance is factors that will be able to ensure energy efficiency, economic stability, security, and in parallel, sustainable developmentboth on the national and global levels. Drawing from the above, this study investigates the reasons for the indispensability to carry out an energy market systemic reform in Poland with consideration of economic argumentation. The theories of economic growth, especially of endogenous kind, is taken into consideration. It is also argued that to achieve sustainable economic growth and social development in the long run, it would be reasonable to simultaneously concentrate on human capital and technologies. More advantages will be gained through intergovernmental cooperation, within regional groups such as the Visegrad Group and at the supranational EU level. This conviction is motivated by the principles of public choice theory.

J. Bokajło, Polish energy strategy – in the quest for economy. Reflections on the Polish energy policy in the perspective of endogenous growth theory and global trends within the context of Visegrad cooperation, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 117-139, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.7

Abdollahi, H., ‘Investigating Energy Use, Environment Pollution, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries’, Environmental and Climate Technologies, no. 24, 2020, https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0016.

Atkinson, R.D., Court, R.H., Ward, J.M., The State New Economy Index. Benchmarking Economic Transformation in the States, Progressive Policy Institute Technology & New Economy Project, 1999, http://www2.itif. org/1999-state-new-economy-index.pdf, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1323828.

Bozuwa, J., Energy democracy: taking back power, The Next System Project 2019, https://thenextsystem.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/EnergyDemocracy-2-star-Final.pdf.

Bretan, J., Poland overtakes Germany as EU’s biggest coal generator, https:// notesfrompoland.com/2020/07/23/poland-overtakes-germany-as-eus-biggest-generator-of-electricity-from-coal/.

Cabada, L., ‘The Visegrad Cooperation in the Context of Other Central European Cooperation Formats’, Politics in Central Europe, vol. 14, no. 2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2018-0014.

Dahl, M., Skomorokhova Y., ‘The Balance of Power in the European Union after Brexit’, Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia, vol. 62, issue 3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2017.3.12.

Edmond, Ch., Chart of the day: Is 2019 the beginning of the end for coal in Europe?, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/07/coal-generation-production-europe-2019-fall-renewable-lignite/.

Euracoal, The voice of coal in Europe, https://euracoal.eu/info/country-profiles/poland/.

Eurostat data, Share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language =en&pcode=t2020_31&plugin=1.

Eurostat, Production of primary energy decreased between 2008 and 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Energy_production_and_imports#Production_of_primary_energy_decreased_ between_2008_and_2018.

Eurostat, R+D expenditure, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-ex-plained/index.php?title=R_%26_D_expenditure#R_.26_D_expenditure_ by_sector_of_performance.

Fagerberg, J., ‘Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates’, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 32, issue 3, 1994.

Giza, W., Zawodność rynku. Powstanie i rozwój idei, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego, 2013, https://doi.org/10.12775/oec.2013.019.

Hein, E., ‘Secular Stagnation or Stagnation Policy? Steindl after Summers’, The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper, no. 846, 2015, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2671879.

Infografika: Emisje gazów cieplarnianych w Unii Europejskiej, Parlament Europejski, https://www. europarl.europa.eu/news/pl/headlines/society/20180301STO98928/infografika-emisje-gazow-cieplarnianych-w-unii-europejskiej, https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.313.03.

Jabłoński, Ł., ‘Ewolucja poglądów na temat konwergencji w ekonomii rozwoju’, Gospodarka Narodowa, no. 5-6, 2008, https://doi.org/10.33119/gn/101304.

Jakubowski, M., ‘Public goods and common goods’, in: Teoria wyboru publicznego. Główne nurty i zastosowania, ed. J. Wilkin, Warszawa: Scholar, 2012.

Jamet, M., Amiel, S., EU still among top 3 world CO2 emitters, new data shows, Euronews, https://www.euronews.com/2019/12/05/eu-still-among-top-3-world-co2- emitters-new-data-shows.

Jędrzejowski, J., Jaka powinna być polska energetyka przyszłości, https:// energia.rp.pl/akcje-specjalne/walka-o-klimat/18903-jaka-powinna-byc-polska-energetyka-przyszlosci.

Kraft, J., Kraft, A., ‘On the relationship between energy and GNP’, Journal of Energy and Development, vol. 3, 1978.

Liberda, B.Z., Maj, E., Idee i nowoczesny wzrost, http://www.aig.pte.pl/ pliki/0/247/B_Liberda_E_Maj_Idee%20_i_wzrost.pdf.

Mair, S., Capital, Capitalism, and Climate in Adam Smith’s Growth Theory, Geneva: Centre for the Understanding of Sustainable Prosperity, 2018.

Majski, Ch., Human Capital vs. Physical Capital: What’s the Difference?, Investopedia, https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/062616/human-capital-vs-physical-capital-what-difference.asp.

Malaczewski, M., ‘Complementarity between energy and physical capital in a simple model of economic growth’, Economic Research – Ekonomska Istraživanja, vol. 31, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2018.1456353.

Mankiw, N.G., Romer, D., Weil, D.N., ‘A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 107, issue 2, 1992.

Morgan, S., Poland stokes dispute over net-zero emissions price and meaning, Euractiv, https://www.euractiv.com/section/energy-environment/news/poland-stokes-dispute-over-net-zero-emissions-price-and-meaning/.

Nonneman, W., Vanhoudt, P., ‘A Further Augmentation of the Solow Model and the Empirics of Economic Growth for OECD Countries’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 111, issue 3, 1996, https://doi.org/10.2307/2946677.

OECD, Gross domestic spending on R & D, https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm.

OWC Außenwirtschaft, Visegrád-Länder wollen Energiesicherheit, https://legacy.owc.de/2013/10/21/visegrad-laender-wollen-energiesicherheit/.

Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, Występowanie, zasoby i złoża węgla brunatnego w Polsce, https://www.pgi.gov.pl/psg-1/psg-2/informacja-i-szkolenia/ wiadomosci-surowcowe/10421-wystepowanie-zasoby-i-zloza-wegla-brunatnego-w-polsce.html.

Romer, P.M., Human Capital and Growth: Theory and Evidence, Working Paper, no. 3173, prepared for the April 1989 Carnegie-Rochester Conference.

Saidi, K., Hammami, S., ‘Economic growth, energy consumption and carbone dioxide emissions: recent evidence from panel data analysis for 58 countries’, Quality and Quantity, vol. 50, issue 1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0153-1.

Saidi, K., Mafizur Rahman, M., ‘The link between environmental quality, economic growth, and energy use: new evidence from five OPEC countries, Environment Systems and Decisions’, Environment Systems & De-cisions, March 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-020-09762-3.

Simon, F., European coal power output sees ‘unprecedented’ decline, Euractiv, https://www.euractiv.com/section/emissions-trading-scheme/news/european-coal-power-output-saw-unprecedented-drop-in-2019/.

Soava, G., Mehedintu, A., Sterpu, M. et al., ‘Impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: evidence from European Union countries’, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, vol. 24, issue 3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2018.1426.

Statista, Electricity production from hard coal in Central and Eastern European countries in 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1094556/cee-power-production-from-hard-coal/.

Stern, D.I., Cleveland, C.J., ‘Energy and Economic Growth’, Rensselaer Working Paper in Economics, Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Economics, 2004.

The Bratislava Declaration of the Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Poland and the Slovak Republic on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Visegrad Group, Bratislava, 15 February 2011.

The Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, Economic Growth, Technological Change, and Climate Change, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 2018.

Toman, M., Jemelkova, B., ‘Energy and Economie Development: An Assessment of the State of Knowledge’, The Energy Journal, no. 24, issue 4, 2003.

Visegrad Group: A new economic heart of Europe?, https://www.dw.com/en/visegrad-group-a-new-economic-heart-of-europe/a-49483505.

Waldholz, R., ‘Germany marks first ever quarter with more than 50 pct renewable electricity’, Clean Energy Wire, The Committee for the Prize, https://www.cleanenergywire. org/news/germany-marks-first-ever-quarter-more-50-pct-renewable-electricity.

Wójcik, T., W 2018 roku Polskę zasypią tony węgla ze Wschodu, Biznes Alert, http://biznesalert.pl/wegiel-polska-rosja/.

World energy mix 2020, The Economist Intelligence Unit, http://www.eiu.com/industry/energy.

Yao, Y., Ivanovski, K., Inekwe, J. et al., ‘Human capital and energy consumption: Evidence from OECD countries’, Energy Economics, vol. 84, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104534.

Artykuł

Cybersecurity challenges in Poland in the face of energy transition

Anna Kucharska

Liczba wyświetleń: 1360

The transformation of the energy sector is one of today’s global megatrends. The main aim of this process includes shifting energy production to renewable sources, decarbonizing the economy, and improving energy efficiency, especially in the most energy-intensive sectors. These changes lead the energy sectors of different states to ensure security and maintain environmental protection in order to guarantee the civilization’s progressive development. One of the tools for the implementation and development of a new model of the energy sector is digitization, which is a direct consequence of the increasing complexity of the energy system. Digitization is an essential element in the management of smart grids and smart meters and for controlling the entire energy system, as well as guaranteeing fair distribution. The digitization process integrates the state energy system; however, it also increases its vulnerability to potential cyber-threats. The aim of this paper is to analyze the cybersecurity challenges facing the Polish power sector in light of the energy transition policy promoted in the EU with a particular focus on the latest legislation presented in the Clean Energy Package. The Polish energy sector is on the verge of structural changes; therefore the main question is: How to implement them to avoid errors? The paper provides a glimpse into the most venerable areas, which should be taken into consideration by political decision-makers.

A. Kucharska, Cybersecurity challenges in Poland in the face of energy transition, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 141-159, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.8

Barichella, A., Cybersecurity in the Energy Sector. A Comparative Analysis between Europe and the United States, Études de l’Ifri, Paris: Ifri, February 2018.

CEER Cybersecurity Report on Europe’s Electricity and Gas Sectors, Council of European Energy Regulators, 26 October 2018.

Cyber security: A growing threat to the energy sector. An Australian perspective, Hogan Lovells, March 2016, https://www.hoganlovells.com/en/knowledge/topic-centers/cybersecurity-solutions/~/media/c14b2cc829b04a6e841237f66882b2df.ashx.

CYBERSEC 2019. Recommendations & Key Takeaways, 5th European Cybersecurity Forum – Cybersec, Katowice, 29-30 October 2019.

Directive 2016/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 concerning measures for a high common level of security of network and information systems across the Union.

Doktryna cyberbezpieczeństwa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Warszawa: Biuro Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego, 2015.

Energy Insight: Cybersecurity in the energy sector, Energy Institute, https:// knowledge.energyinst.org/search/record?id=110329.

Energy Networks and Smart Grids. Cyber Security for the Energy Sector, European Cyber Security Organisation (ECSO), November 2018.

Goździewicz, W., Krupczyński, M., Kulesza, J. et al., NATO Road to Cybersecurity, ed. J. Świątkowska, Kraków: The Kosciuszko Institute, 2016.

IMD World Competitiveness Center, https://www.imd.org/wcc/world-competitiveness-center-rankings/world-digital-competitiveness-rankings-2019/.

IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2019, IMD World Competitiveness Center.

Kozłowski, A., ‘Cyberbezpieczeństwo w sektorze elektroenergetycznym’, Sektor Elektroenergetyczny, no. 1, 2019.

Krajowe Ramy Polityki Cyberbezpieczeństwa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na lata 2017-2022, Ministerstwo Cyfryzacji, Warszawa 2017.

Mataczyńska, E., ‘Lokalne rynki usług elastyczności – droga do implementacji’, EPI’s Analysis, no. 1, 2020, https://www.instytutpe.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Analiza-IPE-nr-1-2020.pdf.

Multiyear Plan for Energy Sector Cybersecurity, U.S. Department of Energy, March 2018.

National Cyber Security Index, https://ncsi.ega.ee/country/pl/.

Rice, E.B, AlMajali, A., ‘Mitigating The Risk Of Cyber Attack On Smart Grid Systems’, Procedia Computer Science, no. 28, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.03.070.

Ruszel, M., Młynarski, T., Szurlej, A., ‘The concept of energy transition’, in: Energy Policy Transition – The Perspective of Different States, eds. M. Ruszel, T. Młynarski, A. Szurlej, Rzeszów: Ignacy Lukasiewicz Energy Policy Institute, 2017.

Sechs Thesen zur Digitalisierung der Energiewende: Chancen, Risiken und Entwicklungen, https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/ publication/15649.pdf.

Smith, D.C., ‘Enhancing cybersecurity in the energy sector: a critical priority’, Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 36:4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2018.1516362.

Study on Cybersecurity in the energy sector of the Energy Community – Final Report, Document no. FINR-CS-EC-211019, Blueprint Energy Solutions GmbH, December 2019.

System bezpieczeństwa cyberprzestrzeni RP, Ekspertyza NASK/CERT Polska na zlecenie Ministerstwa Administracji i Cyfryzacji, Warszawa, September 2015.

Szulecki, K., Szwed, D., ‘Społeczne aspekty OZE: którędy do energetycznej demokracji?’, in: Odnawialne źródła energii w Polsce. Wybrane problemy bezpieczeństwa, polityki i administracji, eds. K. Księżopolski, K. Pronińska, A. Sulowska, Warszawa: Elipsa, 2013.

Trubalski, A., Trubalska, J., ‘Bezpieczeństwo Polski w cyberprzestrzeni’, in: Bezpieczeństwo państwa w cyberprzestrzeni, eds. J. Trubalska, Ł. Wojciechowski, Lublin: Wydawnictwo WSEI, 2017.

Uchwała nr 125 Rady Ministrów z dnia 22 października 2019 r. w sprawie Strategii Cyberbezpieczeństwa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na lata 2019-2024.

Ustawa z dnia 5 lipca 2018 r. o krajowym systemie cyberbezpieczeństwa (Dz.U. 2018 poz. 1560).

Wittpahl, V., Digitalisierung. Bildung – Technik – Innovation, iit-Themenband, Berlin: Springer, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52854-9_4.

World Energy Issues Monitor 2020, World Energy Council, London, 2020.

Wu, S.S., Liu, C.C., Shosha, A.F. et al., Cyber Security and Information Protection in a Smart Grid Environment, Proceedings of the 18th World Congress The International Federation of Automatic Control Milano (Italy) 28 August – 2 September 2011.

Artykuł

Local border traffic as a liberalization of the Schengen legal regime in the regional dimension with particular regard to the EU-Ukraine border

Anna Szachoń-Pszenny

Liczba wyświetleń: 1443

Local border traffic has a legal basis in the Schengen acquis and is related to the EU’s free movement of persons, which, subject to certain conditions, is also available to third-country nationals. The subject of the article is the legal analysis of the Schengen regime in the context of cross-border cooperation with selected third countries on the external eastern border. The research thesis is proving that local border traffic is an exception to the Schengen regime and at the same time defines the regional dimension of the Schengen area. These analyses will be based on the practical context, which is the operation of the local border traffic on the example of the external eastern border of the European Union, particularly the EU-Ukraine border, which is also the external border of the EU and the Schengen area. In this context, the impact of the liberalized Schengen regime on the movement of people across the EU-Ukraine external border will be examined, which will indicate its phased nature with particular emphasis on the role of local border traffic as a transition phase between visa and visa-free traffic. The article uses comparative statistical data on both forms of liberalization of the Schengen legal regime on the border with Ukraine. At the same time, considering the local border traffic on the EU-Ukraine border, it is worth putting forward a thesis that the local border traffic is increasingly being replaced by visa-free travel. In addition, the LBT became the first step to introduce a visa-free regime, which is further liberalization of the Schengen regime.

A. Szachoń-Pszenny, Local border traffic as a liberalization of the Schengen legal regime in the regional dimension with particular regard to the EU-Ukraine border, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 161-176,
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.9

Allmendinger, P., Chilla, T., Sielker, F., ‘Europeanizing territoriality – towards soft spaces?’, Environment and Planning A, no. 46 (11), 2014, https://doi.org/10.1068/a130037p.

Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on rules on local border traffic, signed in Kiev on 28 March 2008 [Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Gabinetem Ministrów Ukrainy o zasadach małego ruchu granicznego, podpisana w Kijowie dnia 28 marca 2008 r., Dziennik Ustaw 2009.103.858, version from 22 January 2016].

Cesarz, M., ‘The evolution of Polish Visa Policy after entering the EU and the Schengen Area’, in: How Borderless is Europe? Multi-disciplinary approach to European Studies, ed. I. Tarrosy, Pecs: Publikon, 2015.

Commission Staff Working Paper, Developing the Acquis on ‘Local Border Traffic’, Brussels, 9 September 2002 SEC(2002) 947, https://www.eumonitor.nl/9353000/1/j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vi7jgstgtftw#p1.

Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders, OJ L 239, 22 September 2000.

Council of the EU, ‘Visas: Council adopts regulation on visa liberalization for Ukrainian citizens. 11 May 2017’, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/ press/press-releases/2017/05/11/visa-liberalization-ukraine/.

European Commission, Territorial Cooperation in Europe. A Historical Perspective, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015.

Gumenyuk, I., Kuznetsova, T., Osmolovskaya, L., ‘Local border traffic as an efficient tool for developing cross-border cooperation’, Baltiс Region, no. 8/1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2016-1-6.

Kamphuis, O., The eastern external border of the EUA journey through the borderlands of the EU and its neighbours, Nijmegen 2011.

Kretinin, G., Mironyuk, D.A., ‘Local Border Traffic as a Form of Visa Liberalization and Territorial Development’, Baltic Region, no. 4, 2014, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2014-4-2.

NATOscope (2017), http://www.monitor-press.com/pl/2-pol/wiadomo-ci/6002-1961.html.

Regulation (EC) No 1931/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 laying down rules on local border traffic at the external land borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Schengen Convention, OJL 405, 30 December 2006.

Regulation (EU) 1342/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 1931/2006 as regards the inclusion of the Kaliningrad oblast and certain Polish administrative districts in the eligible border area, OJ L 347, 30 December 2011.

Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code), OJ L 77, 23 March 2016.

Sagan, I., Kolosov, V., Studzińska, D. et al., ‘The local border traffic zone experiment as an instrument of cross-border integration: the case of Polish- Russian borderland’, Geographia Polonica, no. 91/1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0102.

Soft Spaces in Europe: Re-negotiating governance, boundaries and borders, eds. P. Allmendinger, G. Haughton, J. Knieling, F. Othengrafen, Regional Studies Association, Regions and Cities, London–New York, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315768403.

Soroka, G., Stępniewski, T., ‘The Three Seas Initiative: Geopolitical Determinants and Polish Interests’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 17, no. 3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.3.2.

Szachoń-Pszenny, A., ‘Three-stage enlargement of the Schengen area to include new EU member states under the post-Amsterdam principles’, Przegląd Europejski, vol. 3, 2018, https://przegladeuropejski.com.pl/re-sources/html/article/details?id=188976, https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1957.

Szulecka, M., ‘Regulating Movement of the Very Mobile: Selected Legal and Policy Aspects of Ukrainian Migration to EU Countries’, in: Ukrainian Migration to the European Union. Lessons from Migration Studies, eds. O. Fedyuk, M. Kindler, SpringerOpen, 2016, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-41776-9_4, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41776-9_4.

Thomann, P.-E., ‘The Three Seas Initiative, a New Project at the Heart of European and Global Geopolitical Rivalries’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 17, no. 3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.3.3.

Treaty of Amsterdam OJ C 340, amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, 10 November 1997, https://doi.org/10.18356/9871edf7-en-fr.

Treaty on European Union, OJ C 202, 7 June 2016.

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 202, 7 June 2016.

Witkowski P., ‘Cross-Border Cooperation between the European Union and Neighbouring Countries. Practical Facilitations in the Form of Local Border Traffic’, Barometr Regionalny, no. 12/1, 2014, https://doi.org/10.35480/braip-2019.17.1-722.

Artykuł

The far right ĽSNS in Slovakia and its reconstruction of the nation

Nina Paulovicova

Liczba wyświetleń: 1590

Societies around the globe have been witnessing the emergence of the radical right, often seen as the result of neoliberal globalization. Democratic governance, liberalism, human rights, and values are being questioned while populist, authoritarian, and ethnonationalist forms of governance are being offered. In the European Union, the tumultuous developments have been testing the viability of the identity marker of Europeanness and its perseverance in EU member states. What we are witnessing are significant shifts in the discourse about sameness and otherness, the convergence of left and right ideologies and the emergence of hybrid forms of authoritarianism and democracy that have been dubbed as illiberal democracy or authoritarian liberalism. The rise of the radical right and its mobilization across the EU member states is reflective of these processes, and it is the goal of this author to understand the mechanisms behind the empowerment, mobilization, and normalization of radical right through the case study of Slovakia. In particular, the effort of this paper is to understand how the far-right party Kotlebovci – Ľudová Strana Naše Slovensko (ĽSNS) in Slovakia re-conceptualized the notion of nation and normalized far-right ideology as a pretext of a broader mobilization.

N. Paulovicova, The far right ĽSNS in Slovakia and its reconstruction of the nation, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 177-197, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.10

‘About Us’, Kotleba – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko. Odvahou proti systému, http://www.naseslovensko.net/en/about-us/.

‘Central and Eastern Europe’, ed. C. Mudde, in: Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe, London: Routledge, 2005, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203002377.

‘Do Bystrice prišli noční vlci. Kotleba vyvesil na župe ruskú vlajku, HN Slovensko’, 5 May 2016, https://slovensko.hnonline.sk/657800-do-bystrice-prisli-nocni-vlci-kotleba-vyvesil-na-zupe-rusku-vlajku.

‘KKK anglická móda. Kotleba zrušil biznis’, Aktuality.sk, 22 March 2017, https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/426280/kkk-anglicka-moda-kotleba-zrusil-biznis/.

‘Kotleba’s far-right party faces prosecution for ‘1488’ donation’, The Slovak Spectator, 4 May 2017, https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20524510/kotlebas-far-right-party-faces-prosecution-for-1488-donation.html.

‘Okresný šéf kotlebovcov si dal odstrániť hákový kríž z hrude: Bola to vraj mladícka nerozvážnosť’, Topky.sk, 14 December 2018, https://www.topky. sk/cl/10/1759025/Okresny-sef-kotlebovcov-si-dal-odstranit-hakovy-kriz-z-hrude–Bola-to-vraj-mladicka-nerozvaznost.

Baier, W., ‘Europe on the Precipice: The Crisis of the Neoliberal Order and the Ascent of Right-Wing Populism’, New Labor Forum, no. 3 (25), 2016, https://doi.org/10.1177/1095796016661155.

Bella, V., ‘Psychológ Masaryk: Matovič spravil sám seba zrozumiteľným, je dokonalým politikom instagramovej doby’, Denník N: Voľby 2020, 4 March 2020, https://dennikn.sk/1784165/psycholog-masaryk-matovic-spravil-sam-seba-zrozumitelnym-je-dokonalym-politikom-instagramovej-doby/?utm_ source=follow_tags&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=mnt-tag.new.article-04.03.2020-16&utm_content=51343.

Benčík, J., ‘J. Kotleba, Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko 1488’, Denník N, 20.03.2017, https://dennikn.sk/blog/709155/kotleba-ludova-strana-nase-slovensko-1488/.

Betz, H.G., Johnson, C., ‘Against the Current – Stemming the Tide. The Nostalgic Ideology of the Contemporary C. Radical Populist Right’, in: The Populist Radical Right. A Reader, ed. C. Mudde, London & New York, Routledge, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/1356931042000263546.

Buštíková, L., ‘The Radical Right in Eastern Europe’, in: The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, ed. J. Rydgren, New York: Oxford University Press, 2018, https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780190274559.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190274559-e-28, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.001.0001.

Carter, E., ‘Right-wing extremism/radicalism: reconstructing the concept’, Journal of Political Ideologies, no. 2 (23), 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2018.1451227.

Grzebalska W., Peto A., ‘The gendered modus operandi of the illiberal transformation in Hungary and Poland’, Women’s Studies International Forum (68), May–June 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.12.001.

Gyárfášová, O., ‘The Fourth Generation: From Anti-Establishment to Anti-System Parties in Slovakia’, New Perspectives. Interdisciplinary Journal of Central & East European Politics and International Relations, no. 1 (26), 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825×1802600111.

Han, K.J., ‘Income inequality and voting for radical right-wing parties’, Electoral Studies, (42), 2016, pp. 54-64, https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20524510/ kotlebas-far-right-party-faces-prosecution-for-1488-donation.html, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.02.001.

Hayduk, R., ‘Radical responses to neoliberalism: immigrant rights in the global era’, Dialectical Anthropology, no. 2 (33), 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-009-9117-6.

Jansen, R.S., ‘Populist Mobilization: A New Theoretical Approach’, in: The Promise and Perils of Populism – Global Perspectives, ed. C. de la Torre, Lexington, University Press of Kentucky, 2015.

Kallis, A., ‘Far-Right “Contagion” or a Failing “Mainstream”? How Dangerous Ideas Cross Borders and Blur Boundaries’, Democracy and Security, no 3 (9), 2013, https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2013.792251.

Kluknavska, A., ‘Enemies Among Us: The anti-elitist and xenophobic discourses in Czech Republic and Slovakia Farming Strategies of Extreme Right Parties in Slovakia and Czech Republic’, Rexter časopis pro výzkum radikalismu, extremismu a terorismu, (2), 2014.

Kotleba, M., ‘Náš Bratislavský kraj. Slovo Mariana Kotlebu o Šorošovi a jeho bábkach’, Noviny ĽSNS, March 2018, http://www.naseslovensko.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Noviny-LS-Nase-Slovensko-BA-marec-2018.pdf.

Lucassen, G., Lubbers, M., ‘Who Fears What? Explaining Far-Right-Wing Preference in Europe by Distinguishing Perceived Cultural and Economic Ethnic Threats’, Comparative Political Studies, no. 5 (45), 2012, https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414011427851.

Mazurek, M., ‘Milan Mazurek o vzniku Ľudovej mládeže, Ľudová mládež, www.ludovamladez.sk/pridaj-sa-k-nam/.

Mazurek, M., ‘Nový projekt: Ľudová mládež ako hrádza proti vlne úpadku’, Kotleba – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko. Odvahou proti systému, 22 June 2017, http://www.naseslovensko.net/nasa-praca/novy-projekt-ludova-mladez-ako-hradza-proti-vlne-upadku/

Mesežnikov, G., Bránik, R., ‘Hatred, Violence and Comprehensive Military Training. The violent radicalisation and Kremlin connections of Slovak paramilitary, extremist and neo-Nazi groups’, in: Political Capital, ed. L. Györi, Budapest: Political Capital, 2017.

Mesežnikov, G., Gyárfášová, O., Súčasný pravicový extrémizmus a ultranacionalizmus na Slovensku. Stav, trendy, podpor, Bratislava: IVO, Nadácia Hannsa Seidela, 2016.

Minkenberg, M., ‘The Renewal of the Radical Right: Between Modernity and Anti-modernity’, Government and Opposition, no. 2 (35), 2000, https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-7053.00022.

Minkenberg, M., ‘The Rise of the Radical Right in Eastern Europe: Between Mainstreaming and Radicalization’, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, no. 1 (18), 2017, https://www.georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org/online-edition/2017/12/22/the-rise-of-the-radical-right-in-eastern-europe-between-mainstreaming-and-radicalization, https://doi.org/10.1353/gia.2017.0005.

Mudde, C., ‘Three Decades of populist radical right parties in Western Europe. So what? The 2012 Stein Rokkan Annual Lecture’, European Journal of Political Research, no. 1 (52), 2013, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02065.x.

Mudde, C., Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Paulovičová, N., ‘Holocaust Memory and Antisemitism in Slovakia: The Postwar Era to the Present’, Antisemitism Studies, no. 1 (2), 2018, https://doi.org/10.2979/antistud.2.1.02.

Polyakova, A., The Dark Side of European Integration. Social Foundations and Cultural Determinants of the Rise of Radical Right Movements in Contemporary Europe, Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag, 2015.

Rafa, T., Docu film: Marián Kotleba “Veľké upratovanie” ĽSNS rómska osada Krásna hôrka, 19 January 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAk_ tZTI5v0.

Rooduijn, M., Burgoon, B., ‘The Paradox of Well-being: Do Unfavorable Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Contexts Deepen or Dampen Radical Left and Right Voting Among the Less Well-Off?’, Comparative Political Studies, no. 13 (51), 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017720707.

Rydgren, J., ‘Radical right-wing parties in Europe: What’s populism got to do with it?’, Journal of Language and Politics, no. 4 (16), 2017, https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17024.ryd.

Schlosár, R., ‘Slovo Mariana Kotlebu. O smeráckej rošáde’, Náš Nitriansky Kraj, April 2018, http://www.naseslovensko.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ Noviny-LS-Nase-Slovensko-NR-april-2018.pdf.

Shafir, M., ‘Denying the Shoah in Post-Communist Eastern Europe’, in: Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy, ed. R.S. Wistrich, Berlin–Boston– Jerusalem: DeGruyter, Inc., 2012, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110288216.27.

Simms, B., Laderman, Ch., ‘The Longest Hatred’, New Statesman, 9 May 2016, http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/05/longest-hatred.

Törnberg, A., Törnberg, P., ‘Modelling Free Social Spaces and the Diffusion of Social Mobilization’, Social Movement Studies, no. 2 (16), 2017, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110288216.27.

Vieten, U.M., Poynting, S., ‘Contemporary Far-Right Racist Populism in Europe’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, no. 6 (37), 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2016.1235099.

Vražda, D., Odkiaľ prišiel a ako je možné že sedí v parlamente, Bratislava: N Press, 2017.

Artykuł

Strategic interaction: The PRL Government, Solidarity, the Church, and the problem of political prisoners

Andrzej Friszke

Liczba wyświetleń: 1277

This study of the struggle between the government of the Polish People’s Republic and Solidarity in the years 1981-1984 discerns three key actors in Polish politics: the Communist party leadership and security apparatus, the arrested leaders of Solidarity, and the bishops and advisers of the Catholic Church. The PRL government made strategic decisions in this period regarding repression and liberalization. Following initial advanced preparation for the trial of eleven arrested leaders of Solidarity and KSS KOR, the government attempted to coerce the arrestees into leaving Poland, thus weakening the movement’s legitimacy. The article demonstrates how the interaction between the leaders of the two sides – mediated by bishops and advisers – produced a new dynamic and a shift in the existing political mechanism. What was once a mass movement transformed into a more regular, staffed organization with a greater role played by leaders, who symbolized the continuity of the movement and enabled Solidarity to weather the period of repression. The article shows the changes and tensions in the Solidarity movement, along with the changes that were occurring in parallel on the side of the government and the mediating third actor, i.e., the Catholic Church. This case study of the strategic clash that occurred at the beginning of the 1980s illustrates the transformations that took place within the government and Solidarity – transformations that would prove crucial to the transition process in 1988-1989.

A. Friszke, Strategic interaction: The PRL Government, Solidarity, the Church, and the problem of political prisoners, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 201-225, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.11

Afera „Żelazo” w dokumentach MSW i PZPR, eds. W. Bagieński, P. Gontarczyk, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, 2013.

Friszke, A., ‘Internowani, aresztowani, skazani. Pozbawieni wolności w okresie stanu wojennego 1981-1983/4’, Kwartalnik Historyczny, no. 2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12775/kh.2017.124.2.03.

Friszke, A., PRL wobec Kościoła: akta Urzędu do spraw Wyznań 1970-1978, Warszawa: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, 2010.

Friszke, A., Rewolucja Solidarności 1980-1981, Kraków: Znak, 2014.

Friszke, A., ‘Siedem lat przed okrągłym stołem. Prymasowska Rada Społeczna w stanie wojennym’, in: Przystosowanie i opór. Studia z dziejów PRL, Warszawa: Więź, 2007.

Friszke, A., Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna NSZZ „Solidarność” (1982-1987), in: Solidarność podziemna 1981-1989, ed. A. Friszke, Warszawa: ISP PAN, 2006.

Gasztołd, P., Towarzysze z betonu. Dogmatyzm w PZPR 1980-1990, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, 2019.

Jan Paweł II, Prymas i Episkopat Polski o stanie wojennym. Kazania, listy, przemówienia i komunikaty, ed. P. Raina, London: Oficyna Poetów i Malarzy, 1982.

Łatka, R., ‘Rada Główna Episkopatu Polski wobec opozycji przedsierpniowej (1976-1981)’, Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość, vol. 29, no. 1, 2017.

Moskwa, J., Droga Karola Wojtyły, vol. II: Zwiastun wyzwolenia 1978-1989, Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2011.

Olaszek, J., Podziemne dziennikarstwo. Funkcjonowanie głównych pism informacyjnych podziemnej „Solidarności” w Warszawie w latach 1981-1989, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, 2018.

Orszulik, A., Czas przełomu. Notatki z rozmów z władzami PRL w latach 1981-1989, Warszawa-Ząbki: Apostolicum, 2006.

Paczkowski, A., Droga do «mniejszego zła». Strategia i taktyka obozu władzy, lipiec 1980 – styczeń 1982, Kraków: Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny, 2002.

Paczkowski, A., Wojna polsko-jaruzelska. Stan wojenny w Polsce 13 XII 1981 – 22 VII 1983, Warszawa: Prószyński Media, 2006.

Raina, P., Arcybiskup Dąbrowski – rozmowy watykańskie, Warszawa: IW PAX, 2001.

Raina, P., Stan wojenny w zapiskach arcybiskupa Dąbrowskiego, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Von Boroviecky, 2006.

Raina, P., Troska o internowanych. Interwencje abp. Dąbrowskiego u gen. Kiszczaka 1982-1989, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Von Boroviecky, 1999.

Raina, P., Wizyty Apostolskie Jana Pawła II w Polsce, Warszawa: Książka Polska, 1997.

Rakowski, M.F., Dzienniki polityczne 1981-1983, Warszawa: Iskry, 2004.

Ramotowski, J.P., Sto razy głową w mur. Historia tych, co chcieli robić coś innego niż druk bibuły, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, 2013.

Rodowicz, W., Komitet na Piwnej. Fakty – dokumenty – wspomnienia, Warszawa: Biblioteka „Więzi”, 1994.

Siwek, S., Prymasowska Rada Społeczna ks. kard. Józefa Glempa, Prymasa Polski. Przebieg prac, dokumenty z lat 1981-1990, Warszawa-Ząbki: Apostolicum, 2016.

Tajne dokumenty. Państwo – Kościół 1980-1989, London: Aneks, 1993.

Artykuł

Free airtime of election committees in Poland compared with similar solutions in other countries. The attitude of Poles to free election broadcasts in the Polish public media

Agnieszka Łukasik-Turecka

Liczba wyświetleń: 1476

The principle of equal electoral opportunities is implemented, inter alia, by allocating free airtime to political entities. In Poland, like in many other countries, the authorized committees have the right to use the public media’s airtime free of charge during election campaigns. The present article’s objective is to show the Polish solutions in this domain compared with the regulations in other countries and to present the research results and their analysis concerning Poles’ attitude to free election broadcasts – including their assessment of the broadcasts as a source of knowledge about candidates and parties taking part in the election campaign. The studies were carried out based on the survey questionnaire, which was compiled using the five-level Likert scale. The sample was selected by the stratifiedquota method (N = 971). The conclusions resulting from the survey suggest the need to retain the regulation that enables political entities in Poland to use free election broadcasts during election campaigns. At the same time, they point out that it is necessary to seek more advantageous forms and content to put airtime to appropriate use during the campaign period.

A. Łukasik-Turecka, Free airtime of election committees in Poland compared with similar solutions in other countries. The attitude of Poles to free election broadcasts in the Polish public media, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 227-237, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.12

Fredro-Boniecki, T., ‘Kampanie wyborcze 2005 roku w mediach publicznych’, in: Media w wyborach. Kampanie wyborcze. Media w polityce, ed. T. Sasińska-Klas, Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2007.

Kolczyński, M., Strategie komunikowania politycznego, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2007.

Law of 5 January 2011, the Election Code, Dz. U. of 2011 no. 21, item 112, as amended, art. 117.

Łukasik-Turecka, A., Zmiana usytuowania radia w komunikowaniu politycznym, Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL, 2018.

Piontek, D., Komunikowanie polityczne i kultura popularna. Tabloidyzacja informacji o polityce, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM, 2011.

Rozporządzenie Krajowej Rady Radiofonii i Telewizji z dnia 12 lipca 2011 roku w sprawie czasu oraz ramowego podziału czasu przeznaczonego na rozpowszechnianie nieodpłatnie audycji wyborczych, trybu postępowania dotyczącego podziału czasu, zakresu rejestracji oraz sposobu przygotowania i emisji audycji wyborczych w programach publicznej radiofonii i telewizji, Dz. U., 2011, no. 154, item 915; Dz. U., 2011, no. 193, item 1146; Dz. U., 2013, item 1285, par.1.

Stępińska, A., ‘Audycje wyborcze jako źródło informacji o podmiotach politycznych’, in: Studia nad komunikowaniem politycznym, ed. J. Fras, Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2007.

Uziębło, P., ‘Kampania wyborcza w mediach publicznych’, in: B. Michalak, A. Sokala, P. Uziębło, Leksykon prawa wyborczego i referendalnego oraz systemów wyborczych, Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer Polska, 2013.

Uziębło, P., Zasada równości wyborów parlamentarnych w państwach europejskich i południowoamerykańskich, Warszawa: Wolters Kluwer Polska, 2013.

Artykuł

Public debt limit of the EU Member States and its impact on polish legal system – considerations in the context of public finance stability

Wojciech Bożek

Liczba wyświetleń: 1418

The author’s goal is to determine the consequences of implementing treaty solutions concerning public debt to the Polish Constitution and to define the differences between the methodology of counting public debt in the European Community and Polish legal order. The raised issues concern important problems from the substantive and practical point of view, therefore the study’s content is important for science and practice. The research methodology was based on the analysis of the EU and Poland’s normative solutions, opinions expressed in the international and national literature on the subject, and the case law of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. The paper applies mostly the dogmatic-analytic and legal-comparative method with reference to available statistical data on Poland’s public debt. The study allowed the author to gain an understanding of the significance of fiscal rules implemented at the EU level to ensure stability. Article 216(5) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland indicates that the treaty solutions regarding the reference value (public debt-to-GDP ratio) were reenacted. However, until this day, the EU and Poland’s debt measurement methods do not fully correspond. In order to counteract excessive debt incursion, a state is required to take not only efficient actions but also ones that are adequate and, to some extent, flexible. This is an expression of acceptance of the EU’s preventive assumptions. However, there is still no full correlation in the methodology of calculating public debt in the EU and the Republic of Poland.

W. Bożek, Public debt limit of the EU Member States and its impact on polish legal system – considerations in the context of public finance stability, „Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 18(2020), z. 1, s. 239-255, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36874/RIESW.2020.1.13

Act of 26 October 2000 on the method of calculating the value of gross domestic product (Dz.U. (Journal of Laws) 2000, no. 114, item 1188, as amended).

Act of 27 August 2009 on Public Finance (consolidated text Dz.U. [Journal of Laws] 2019, item 869, as amended).

Alesina, A., Perotti, R., ‘Deficits and Budget Institutions’, in: Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal performance, eds. J.M. Poterba, J. vin Hagen, London: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1999.

Amtenbrink, F., de Haan J., ‘Economic governance in the European Union: Fiscal policy discipline versus flexibility’, Common Market Law Review, no. 5, 2003, Lex, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1349103.

Bitner, M., ‘Pojęcie państwowego długu publicznego w art. 216 ust. 5 Konstytucji RP i znaczenie jego interpretacji dla polskiego porządku prawnego’, in: Konstytucyjne uwarunkowania tworzenia i stosowania prawa finansowego i podatkowego, eds. P.J. Lewkowicz, J. Stankiewicz, Białystok: Temida 2, 2010.

Buendia Sierra, J.L., Exclusive Rights and State Monopolies under EC Law. Article 86 (Formerly Article 90) of the EC Treaty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Buiter, W.H., Ten commandments for a fiscal rule in E(M)u, London 2003.

Buti, M., Guidice, G., EMU-s fiscal rules: what can and cannot be exported, European Commission 2002, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137001573_7.

Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 326, 26.10.2012.

Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, Dz. U. [Journal of Laws] 1997, no. 78, item 483, as amended.

Council Recommendation (EU) 2015/1184 of 14 July 2015 on broad guidelines for the economic policies of the Member States and of the European Union, OJ L 192, 18.07.2015.

Council Regulation (EC) No. 2223/96 of 25 June 1996 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the Community, OJ L 310, 30.11.1996.

Council Regulation (EC) No. 479/2009 of 25 May 2009 on the application of the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty establishing the European Community (Codified version), OJ L 145, 10.6.2009.

Dębowska-Romanowska, T., Prawo finansowe. Część konstytucyjna wraz z częścią ogólną, Warszawa: C.H. Beck, 2010.

di Fabio, U., ‘Some Remarks on the Allocation of Competences Between the European Union and its Member States’, Common Market Law Review, no. 6, 2002, pp. 1289-1301, Thesis 3, Lex.

Flynn, L., ‘Competition Policy and Public Services in EC Law after Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties’, in: Legal Issues of the Amsterdam Treaty, eds. D. O’Keeffe, P. Twomey, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1999, https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472562036.ch-012.

Greer, S.L., Fahy, N., Elliott, H.A. and others, Everything you always wanted to know about European Union health policies but were afraid to ask. Fiscal governance and what it means for health systems, London: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2014, https://doi.org/10.17077/pp.001113.

Hancher, L., ‘Community, State and Market’, in: The Evolution of EU Law, eds. P. Craig, G. de Búrca, Oxford 1999.

Hodson, D., ‘Crisis, Change and Continuity’, in: Policy-Making in the European Union, eds. H. Wallace, M.A. Pollack, A.R. Young, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Jóźwiak, M., ‘Pojęcie długu. Statystyka długu publicznego. Metodologia ustalania zadłużenia’, in: Zadłużenie jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Wyzwania w obliczu nowej perspektywy finansowej UE, ed. P. Walczak, Warszawa: C.H. Beck, 2014, Legalis.

Judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal of 26 November 2001, K 2/00, Dz.U. (Journal of Laws) 2001, no. 138, item 1566.

Judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal of 4 May 2004, K 40/02, Orzecznictwo Trybunału Konstytucyjnego Series A, no. 5, 2004, item 38.

Koits, G., Symansky, S., ‘Fiscal Policy Rules’, IMF Occasional Paper 162, Washington 1998.

Korkman, S., Economic, Policy in the European Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

Kucia-Guściora, B., ‘Komentarz do art. 38 UFP’, in: Ustawa o finansach publicznych. Komentarz, ed. P. Smoleń, Warszawa: C.H. Beck, 2012.

Kucia-Guściora, B., ‘Rola ministra właściwego do spraw finansów publicznych w kształtowaniu zakresu państwowego długu publicznego. Wybrane problemy’, Roczniki Nauk Prawnych, vol. XXVII, no. 4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.18290/rnp.2017.27.4-3.

Lewkowicz, P.J., Tyniewicki, M., ‘Ocena unijnych i krajowych regulacji prawnych ograniczających dług publiczny’, in: Prawo europejskie – 5 lat doświadczeń w polskim prawie finansowym, ed. H. Litwińczuk, Warszawa: Wiedza i Praktyka, 2010.

Louis, J.V., ‘The no-bailout clause and rescue packages’, Common Market Law Review, no. 4, 1999, Lex.

Marchewka-Bartkowiak, K., ‘Konsekwencje zróżnicowania metodologii pomiaru długu publicznego w Polsce’, Analizy Biura Analiz Sejmowych, no. 11, 2013.

Marchewka-Bartkowiak, K., ‘Problem długu publicznego w Unii Europejskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kryteriów z Maastricht’, Studia Biura Analiz Sejmowych, no. 3, 2010.

Nowak-Far, A., ‘Komentarz do art. 121 i 126 TFUE’, in: Traktat o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej. Komentarz. Vol. II (art. 90-222), eds. K. Kowalik-Bańczyk, M. Szwarc-Kuczer, A. Wróbel, Warszawa: C.H. Beck, 2012, Lex.

Ofiarski, Z., ‘Komentarz do art. 72’, in: Ustawa o finansach publicznych. Komentarz, M. Karlikowska, W. Miemiec, Z. Ofiarski, K. Sawicka, Wrocław 2010.

Pomorski, P., ‘Komentarz do art. 86 UFP’, in: Ustawa o finansach publicznych. Komentarz, ed. P. Smoleń, Warszawa: C.H. Beck, 2012.

Reasoning for the government draft act on the method of calculating the value of gross domestic product, Paper 1879, The Sejm of the III term, http:// orka.sejm.gov.pl/Rejestrd.nsf/wgdruku/1879/$file/1879.pdf.

Regulation (EU) No. 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European, OJ L 174, 26.6.2013.

Ritzen, J., Haas, J., ‘A Sustainable Euro Area with Exit Options’, Institute of Labor Economic. Policy Paper Series, no. 120, 2016.

Ruling of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal of 29 January 1992, K 15/91 Rejent, no. 2, 1992.

Safjan, M., Bosek, L., Konstytucja RP. Tom II. Komentarz do art. 87-243 (komentarz do art. 228), Warszawa 2016, Legalis.

Skrzydło, W., Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Kraków: Zakamycze, 2002.

Sokolewicz, W., ‘Komentarz do rozdziału X Konstytucji’, in: Konstytucja Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, vol. V, ed. L. Garlicki, Warszawa 2007.

Szmaj, K.M., ‘Państwowy dług publiczny – analiza pojęcia i wnioski prawnosystemowe’, Przegląd Legislacyjny, no. 4, 2014.

Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, OJ C 321E, 29.12.2006.

van Apeldoorn, B., Transnational Capitalism and the Struggle Over European Integration, London-New York: Routledge, 2002.

Walczak, P., Zmiany w finansach publicznych 2019. Rozdział II. Katalog tytułów dłużnych, Warszawa: C.H. Beck, 2019, Legalis.

Artykuł

Book review: The Use of Force against Ukraine and International Law. Jus Ad Bellum, Jus In Bello, Jus Post Bellum by Sergey Sayapin, Evhen Tsybulenko (eds.)

Tomasz Lachowski

Liczba wyświetleń: 1663

Wkrótce nowe informacje.

Central and Eastern Europe: Geopolitics and Security Issues

Artykuły

Central and Eastern Europe: Imaginary Geographies, Geopolitics and Security Issues

The perception of security threats in EU and NATO strategic documents: implications for the countries of the Eastern flank

The 2019 NATO Summit in London in the context of Poland’s military security

Annexation of Crimea and federalization of Donbas as the exemplification of hybrid warfare in Ukraine. Implications for Poland

New wave of regional cooperation in Central Europe as a response to new threats

Challenges and threats to the security of the Visegrad Group countries: intensification of relations with the United States as a means to overcome risks?

Polish energy strategy – in the quest for economy. Reflections on the Polish energy policy in the perspective of endogenous growth theory and global trends within the context of Visegrad cooperation

Cybersecurity challenges in Poland in the face of energy transition

Local border traffic as a liberalization of the Schengen legal regime in the regional dimension with particular regard to the EU-Ukraine border

The far right ĽSNS in Slovakia and its reconstruction of the nation

Strategic interaction: The PRL Government, Solidarity, the Church, and the problem of political prisoners

Free airtime of election committees in Poland compared with similar solutions in other countries. The attitude of Poles to free election broadcasts in the Polish public media

Public debt limit of the EU Member States and its impact on polish legal system – considerations in the context of public finance stability

Book review: The Use of Force against Ukraine and International Law. Jus Ad Bellum, Jus In Bello, Jus Post Bellum by Sergey Sayapin, Evhen Tsybulenko (eds.)