Anna Visvizi, ‘Ambiguities of security, collaboration and policymaking in Central Europe’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 7-13.
The aim of the article is to present and analyse the major ideological and political factors shaping the Russian Federation’s attitude towards the European Union. The analysis focuses on the main ideological concepts, shaped historically and functioning today in Russia, which influence political programmes and undertakings implemented by the Russian authorities in their relations with the EU. This analysis is based on the assumption that there is a deep-rooted conviction among the Russian élites and society that their system of values and culture are diametrically opposed to that of the West, and especially of Europe, and that this results in a general hostility towards the EU. As a result, this creates enormous difficulties in maintaining normal, stable relations between the two parties.
Olga Barburska, ‘Ideological and political dimensions of Russia’s attitude towards the European Union’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 15-39.
Afanasjew, J., ‘Kamienna Rosja, martwy lud’ [Stony Russia, dead people], Gazeta Wyborcza, 24-26 January 2009.
Bäcker, R., ‘Współczesny antyokcydentalizm rosyjski’ [Contemporary anti-Occidentalism in Russia], in: Z. Anculewicz and J. Sobczak (eds), Europa a Rosja. Opinie, konflikty, współpraca [Europe and Russia. Opinions, conflicts, cooperation], Olsztyn: UWM, 2003.
Barburska, O., ‘Podstawy normatywne funkcjonowania Unii Europejskiej w stosunkach międzynarodowych – ujęcie teoretyczne’ [The Normative basis of the functioning of the European Union in international relations – a theoretical approach], Stosunki Międzynarodowe, no. 4, 2016.
Barburska, O., ‘Argument siły czy siła argumentów? Unia Europejska w stosunkach międzynarodowych jako soft power’ [The argument of power, or power of arguments? The European Union in international relations as a ‘soft power’], Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej, no. 10, 2016.
Barburska, O., ‘Blaski i cienie Partnerstwa Wschodniego Unii Europejskiej’ [Successes and failures of the EU’s Eastern Partnership], Studia Europejskie, no. 4, 2015.
Barburska, O., ‘Relacje Unia Europejska – Federacja Rosyjska: kryzys partnerstwa strategicznego’ [Relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation: crisis of strategic partnership], Studia Europejskie, no. 4, 2014.
Barburska, O. and D. Milczarek, Polityka wschodnia Unii Europejskiej: porażka czy sukces? [Eastern policy of the European Union: failure or success?], Warszawa: CE UW, 2014.
Barcz, J., Ustrój lizboński Unii Europejskiej. Podstawy traktatowe, struktura i instytucje [Lisbon system of the European Union. Treaty basis, structure, and institutions], Piaseczno: Wszechnica IJM, 2016.
Bieleń, S., ‘Oblicza imperializmu rosyjskiego’ [Faces of Russian imperialism], in: A. Dudek and R. Mazur (eds), Rosja między imperium a mocarstwem nowoczesnym [Russia between empire and modern state], Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2010.
Bieleń, S., Tożsamość międzynarodowa Federacji Rosyjskiej [International identity of the Russian Federation], Warszawa: ASPRA-JR, 2006.
Bieleń, S. and M. Raś, Polityka zagraniczna Rosji [Foreign policy of Russia], Warszawa: Difin, 2008.
Davies, N., Rozprawa historyka z historią [A historian’s dissertation with history], Kraków: Znak, 1999.
Domańska, M., ‘Uzależnieni od konfliktu. Wewnętrzne uwarunkowania antyzachodniej polityki Kremla’ [Addicted to the conflict. Internal factors of the anti-Western policy of the Kremlin], Punkt Widzenia OSW, no. 67, 2017.
Eberhardt, P., ‘Koncepcje geopolityczne Aleksandra Dugina’ [Geopolitical ideas of Aleksandr Dugin], Przegląd Geograficzny, no. 2, 2010. Eberhardt, P., ‘Koncepcje geopolityczne Iwana Dusińskiego’ [Geopolitical ideas of Ivan Dusinsky], Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej, vol. 1, 2012.
Filipowicz, N., ‘Dwa chleby – dwa światy. Czy można dziś myśleć o renesansie rosyjskiej idei?’ [‘Two breads – two worlds’. Is it possible the renaissance of Russian idea?], Przegląd Europejski, no. 2, 2005.
Fiszer, J. M., ‘Zadania i cele polityki zagranicznej Władimira Putina’ [Tasks and goals of Vladimir Putin’s foreign policy], Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna, no. 1, 2016.
Gołąbek, B., Lew Gumilow i Aleksander Dugin. O dwóch obliczach eurazjatyzmu w Rosji po 1991 roku [Lev Gumilov and Aleksandr Dugin. About two faces of Eurasiatism in Russia after 1991], Kraków: UJ, 2012.
Gretskiy, I. and E. Treshchenkov, K. Golubiev, ‘Russia’s Perceptions and Misperceptions of the EU Eastern Partnership’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, no. 3-4, 2014.
Harasimowicz, A., ‘Europejska polityka sąsiedztwa – pechowa pierwsza dekada’ [European Neighbourhood Policy – the first unlucky decade], Studia Europejskie, no. 2, 2016.
Herpen, M. H., Putin’s Wars. The Rise of Russia’s New Imperialism, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
Kościński, P., ‘Russkij mir – rosyjska polityka sąsiedztwa’ [‘Russkij mir’ – Russian policy of neighbourhood], Sprawy Międzynarodowe, no. 1, 2015.
Kupchan, Ch. A., ‘Reordering Order: Global Change and the Need for a New Normative Consensus’, in: T. Flockhart et al., Liberal Order in a Post-Western World, Washington: Transatlantic Academy, May 2014.
Kuraś, J., ‘Chcą rozwalić Unię z pomocą Rosji’ [They want to smash the Union with the help of Russia], Gazeta Wyborcza, 20-21 February 2016.
Lucas, E., ‘Sojusz się sypie’ [The alliance is falling apart], Newsweek (Polish edition), 23-30 September 2014.
Manners, I., Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?, Manchester: BISA Conference, December 1999.
Materski, W., Od cara do „cara”. Studium rosyjskiej polityki historycznej [From tsar to ‘tsar’. Study on Russian historical policy], Warszawa: ISP PAN, 2017.
Milczarek, M., ‘More gains or losses? Review of the European Union’s Eastern policy’, in: B. Góralczyk (ed.), European Union on the Gobal Scene: United or Irrelevant?, Warsaw: CE UW, 2015.
Moïsi, D., ‘Apokalipsy nie będzie’ [There will be not an apocalypse], Newsweek (Polish edition), 17-23 July 2017.
Nieczypor, K., ‘Aleksander Dugin – eurazjatycki głos w twoim domu’ [Aleksandr Dugin – Eurasian voice in your home], 6 February 2017, http://www.eastbook.eu [2017-06-04].
Nye, J. S., ‘Soft power’, Foreign Policy, no. 80, 1990.
Paradowski, R., Idea Rosji-Eurazji i naukowy nacjonalizm Lwa Gumilowa. Próba rekonstrukcji ideologii eurazjatyzmu [Idea of Russia-Eurasia and scientific nationalism of Lev Gumilov. An attempt to reconstruct ideology of Eurasiatism], Warszawa: SGH, 1996.
Paradowski, R., Eurazjatyckie imperium Rosji. Studium idei [Eurasian empire of Russia. Study about idea], Warszawa: Elipsa, 2003.
Pełczyńska-Nałęcz, K., Jak uniknąć rozmów ponad naszymi głowami? Polska wobec Rosji w dobie konfrontacji [How to avoid conversations over our heads? Poland towards Russia in the era of confrontation], Warszawa: Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego, October 2016.
Pomerantsev, P., ‘Beyond Propaganda: How authoritarian regimes are learning to engineer human souls in the age of Facebook’, Foreign Affairs, June, 2015, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/23/beyond-propaganda… [2016-08-22].
Radziwinowicz, W., ‘Kreml wszystkich strachów’ [Kremlin of all fears], Gazeta Wyborcza. Magazyn Świąteczny, 28-29 October 2017.
Reichardt, I., ‘Russian propaganda in the West’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 14, no. 2, 2016.
Rodkiewicz, R., ‘Straszenie zwrotem ku Azji – nowa Koncepcja polityki zagranicznej Rosji’ [Scaring a turn towards Asia – a new concept of Russian foreign policy], Analizy OSW, 7 December 2016, https://www.osw.waw.pl/publikacje/analizy… [2017-12-06].
Romanova, T., ‘Normative Power Europe: Russian View’, in: A. Gerrits (ed.), Normative Power Europe in Changing World: A Discussion, The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations, 2009.
Sergunin, A., ‘EU and Russia: an Eastern Partnership Muddling on?’, 28 October 2010, http://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/alexander-serunin/eu-and-russia… [2013-11-25].
Stępniewski, T. and A. Visvizi, ‘Shifting emphasis of the ENP: is the EaP less sexy?’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, vol. 14, no. 6, 2016.
Stępniewski, T. and J. Hajduk, ‘Wojna hybrydowa Rosji z Ukrainą’ [Hybrid war between Russia and Ukraine], Studia Europejskie, no. 4, 2015.
Sykulski, L., ‘Integracja polityczna Eurazji we współczesnej rosyjskiej myśli geopolitycznej’ [Political integration of Eurasia in contemporary Russian geopolitical thought], in: P. Eberhardt (ed.), Prace Geograficzne nr 242.
Studia nad geopolityką XX wieku [Geographical Studies no. 242. Studies on the 20th century geopolitics], Warszawa: IGiPZ PAN, 2013.
Szabaciuk, A., ‘Eurazjatycki projekt integracyjny Władimira Putina: szanse i zagrożenia’ [Eurasian integration project of Vladimir Putin: chances and dangers], Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, vol. 12, no. 5, 2014.
‘The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (approved by President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin on November 30, 2016)’, https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign-policy/document/ [2017-17-03].
Trenin, D., Getting Russia Right, Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2007.
Verhofstadt, G., ‘Europa wobec Rosji. Były premier Belgii radzi, co należy robić, aby wspólnie sprostać kryzysom, które podsyca Władimir Putin’ [Europe towards Russia. The former Prime Minister of Belgium advises what to do to jointly cope with the crises that Vladimir Putin is fueling], Project Syndicate. A World of Ideas – Świat Idei, 26 February 2016.
Visvizi, A., ‘ENP as a mechanism of “soft export” of influence? Testing the limits of Europeization and “empowering”’, in: K. Żukrowska and A. Visvizi, J. Stryjek, M. Zajączkowski (eds), European Neighborhood Policy: (multi-level) governance, the reform process and prospect of enhanced cooperation in the region, Warszawa: SGH – Poltex, 2017.
Visvizi, A., ‘Pozycja Rosji w stosunkach międzynarodowych’ [Russia’s postion in international relations], in: K. A. Kłosiński (ed.), Rosja: ambicje i możliwości w XXI wieku [Russia: ambitions and possibilities in the 20th century], Lublin: KUL, 2010.
Walker, Ch., ‘The New Containment. Undermining Democracy’, World Affairs, no. 1, 2015.
Wilson, A., ‘Partners for Life: Europe’s Unanswered “Eastern Question”’, Brief Policy, ECFR, October 2017.
The article outlines the geopolitical rationale behind contemporary Russian expansionism, as well as presents the asymmetric and “hybrid” mechanisms utilized by the Kremlin to solidify its authority in the post-communist space. To do this, the article refers to the findings of American, British, Polish and Ukrainian intellectuals on the nature of the Russian political identity. The four commonly used theoretical frameworks explaining contemporary Russian expansionism are described and critically assessed (imperial, diversionary, divergent identities and “angry guy”). Apart from this, the Russian and foreign political philosophic thought of the XIX-XXI centuries is referred to. The latter was done to trace the evolution of the Russian Byzantium-type governing tradition and national identity. The article puts forward the hypothesis that Russian expansionism, alongside the Russian sentiment towards an imperialist worldview, are tested by historical patterns of national policy-making which bring the state to its civilizational glory. In this light, it will be futile to expect that Russia can fully democratize, build a Western type of a nation-state and start conducting open policies.
Ostap Kushnir, ‘Making Russia forever great: imperialist component in the Kremlin’s foreign policy’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 41-59.
Andrianov, V. and V. Loyko, ‘Employment of the Russian Armed Forces in Critical Situations in Peacetime’, Military Thought, vol. 1, no. 24, 2015.
Citino, R. M., ‘White death’, World War II, vol. 29, no. 2, 2014.
Darczewska, J., The Anatomy of Russian Information Warfare: The Crimean Operation, A Case Study, Warszawa: Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia [Centre for Eastern Studies], no. 42, May 2014.
Eberhardt, P., Twórcy polskiej geopolityki [The Fathers of Polish geopolitics], Kraków: Arcana, 2006.
Erasimov, V. [Герасимов, В.], ‘Ценность науки в предвидении’ [The value of science in foresight], Военно-Промышленный Курьер [Military and industrial currier], 26 February 2013.
Galeotti, M., ‘The “Gerasimov Doctrine” and Russian Non-Linear War’, Moscow’s Shadows, 6 July 2014.
Gelaev, V. [Гелаев, В.], ‘Где раз поднят русский флаг, там он спускаться не должен’ [Where Russian flag was raised once, it should never be lowered], газета.ru [gazeta.ru], 14 August 2015.
Haukkala, H., ‘From Cooperative to Contested Europe? The Conflict in Ukraine as a Culmination of a Long-Term Crisis in EU–Russia Relations’, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, vol. 23, no. 1, 2015.
Horbulin, V. [Горбулін, В.], ‘“Гібридна війна” як ключовий інструмент російської геостратегії реваншу’ [“Hybrid war” as key instrument in Russian revanche geostrategy], Дзеркало Тижня [Mirror of the week], 23 January 2015.
Horbulin, V. and A. Litvinenko [Горбулин, В. и A. Литвиненко], ‘Большой сосед определился. Что Украине делать дальше?’ [The big neighbour has made up his mind. What Ukraine should do next?], Зеркало Недели [Mirror of the week], 18 September 2009.
Hughes, J. and G. Sasse, ‘Power Ideas and Conflict: Ideology, Linkage and Leverage in Crimea and Chechnya’, East European Politics, vol. 32, no. 3, 2016.
Jackson, B. P., ‘The “soft war” for Europe’s East’, Policy Review, June-July 2006.
Kennan, G., ‘Long Telegram (from 1946)’, Wilson Center, http://digitalarchive.
wilsoncenter.org/document/116178 [2018-08-03].
Kennan, G., ‘The Sources of Soviet Conduct’, in: G. O. Tuathail and S. Dalby,P. Routledge (eds), The Geopolitics Reader, London: Routledge, 1998.
Kushnir, O., ‘Interwar Views on Managing Eastern European Space: Exploring Lypa’s Conceptualisation of the Black Sea Union’, The Central European
Journal of International and Security Studies, vol. 7, no. 4, 2013.
Kushnir, O., ‘Russian Geopolitical Interest in the Black Sea Region: The Case of Crimea’, Athenaeum. Polish Political Studies, vol. 56, 2017.
Kushnir, O., ‘Ukrainian Policies in the Black Sea Littoral: History, Current Trends, and Perspectives’, The Journal of Contemporary European Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, 2017.
Kushnir, O., Ukraine and Russian Neo-Imperialism: the Divergent Break, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2018.
Kuzio, T., ‘Russian Subversion in the Crimea’, Commentary to German Marshall Fund of the United States, 3 November 2006.
Lucas, E. [Лукас, Е.], ‘Цінності дорого коштують’ [Values are expensive], Zbruč, 6 July 2015.
Lypa, Yu. [Липа, Ю.], Призначеня України [Destination of Ukraine], Київ [Kyiv]: Фундація ім. Ольжича [Olzhych Foundation], 1997.
Narochnitskaia, N. [Нарочницкая, Н.], Россия и Русские в Мировой Истории [Russia and Russians in the world history], Москва [Moscow]: Международные отношения [Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia], 2003.
Østbø, J., The New Third Rome. Readings of a Russian Nationalist Myth, Dissertation for the degree philosophiae doctor (PhD) at the University of Bergen, 2011.
Putin, V. [Путин, В.], ‘Послание Президента Российской Федерации от 25.04.2005 г.’ [Address of the President of the Russian Federation from 24.04.2005], President of Russia official web-page.
Rezchikov, A. [Резчиков, А.], ‘Имперский марш прошел по Москве’ [Imperial march took place in Moscow], Взгляд [View], 8 April 2007.
Roslycky, L. L., ‘Russia’s Smart Power in Crimea: Sowing the Seeds of Trust’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, 2011.
Russian Life, ‘The Forgotten Winter War’, Russian Life, vol. 57, no. 6, 2014.
Sakwa, R., ‘Conspiracy Narratives as a Mode of Engagement in International Politics: The Case of the 2008 Russo-Georgian War’, Russian Review,vol. 71, no. 4, 2012.
Sarıkaya, Y., ‘Georgian Foreign Policy after the August 2008 War’, Journal of Black Sea Studies, vol. 8, no. 31, 2011.
Sinkkonen, T., ‘A Security Dilemma on the Boundary Line: an EU Perspective to Georgian-Russian Confrontation after the 2008 War’, Journal of Southeast European & Black Sea Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, 2011.
Socor, V., ‘Advancing Euro-Atlantic Security and Democracy in the Black Sea Region’, Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 2005.
Szostek, J., ‘Russia and the News Media in Ukraine: A Case of “Soft Power”?’, East European Politics and Societies and Cultures, vol. 28, no. 3, 2014.
Thomas, T., ‘Russia’s Military Strategy and Ukraine: Indirect, Asymmetric – and Putin-Led’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, vol. 28, 2015.
Torbakov, I., ‘Vladimir Putin’s Imperial Anxieties’, Eurasianet.org, 9 February 2016.
Torbakov, I., ‘What Does Russia Want?’, DGAPanalyse, vol. 1, 2011.
Toynbee, A., Civilization on Trial, New York: Oxford University Press, 1948.
Tsygankov, A., ‘Vladimir Putin’s Last Stand: the Sources of Russia’s Ukraine Policy’, Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 31, no. 4, 2015.
Tsymburskii, V. [Цымбурский, В.], Остров Россия. Геополитичиские и хронополитические работы 1993-2006 [Island Russia. Geopolitical and khronopolitical works 1993-2006], Москва [Moscow]: ROSSPEN, 2007.
Visvizi, A., ‘Soft risks and threats to safety and security in the region: an overall assessment’, in: A. Visvizi and T. Stępniewski (eds), Poland, the Czech Republic and NATO in Fragile Security Context, IESW Reports, December 2016.
Wawrzonek, M., ‘Ukraine in the Grey Zone: Between “Russkiy Mir” and Europe’, East European Politics and Societies and Cultures, vol. 28, no. 4, 2014.
Zubkova, E. [Зубкова, Е.], Сталинский проект для Прибалтики [Stalin’s project for Baltic states], Open lecture, 2008.
The current state of coexistence in international arena is contested. Russian Federation (RF) cannot come to terms with the fact that following the dissolution of the USSR, it sustained substantial losses, especially with regards to its role globally. The team of Putin is striving to rebuild the power of their country. The Russian society, used to sacrifices for the homelands, offers its invaluable support. A lot of effort is put in the development of the armaments sector. As a result, the structure, command and mobilization the Armed Forces have substantially improved. The RF Armed Forces prepare for a possible armed conflict. Various types of exercise are conducted; frequently maneuvers take place in proximity to the borders of NATO member-states. This paper examines these developments and suggest possible ways of bypassing the emerging challenges.
Zbigniew Ścibiorek, Marek Bodziany, ‘The combat potential and the security strategy of Russia – towards rebuilding the position in the international arena’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 61-85.
Bieleń, S., ‘Strategiczne cele polityki rosyjskiej’ [Strategic objectives of Russian policy], Myśl Polska, http://www.mysl-polska.pl/585 [2016-08-12].
Bodakowski, J., ‘Modernizacja rosyjskiej armii’ [Modernization of the Russian army], Prawy.pl, 5.01.2017, http://prawy.pl/43908-modernizacjarosyjskiej-armii/ [2017-10-10].
Ciastoń, R., ‘Siły Strategiczne Federacji Rosyjskiej’ [Strategic Forces of the Russian Federation], FAE Policy Paper, no. 9/2014.
Defence 24, ‘Rosyjska armia rośnie w siłę. Szojgu składa raport Putinowi’ [The Russian Armed Forces are growing in strength. Shoigu reports to Putin], Defence 24, https://www.defence24.pl/rosyjska-armia-rosnie-wsile-szojgu-sklada-raport-putinowi [2018-08-02].
Dimitrakopoulou, S. and A. Liaropoulos, ‘Russia’s National Security Strategy to 2020: A Great Power in the Making?’, Caucasian Review Of International Affairs, vol. 4 (1), Winter 2010.
Dugin, A., ‘Na eurazjatyckim kontynencie dla Polski miejsca nie ma’ [There is no place for Poland on the Eurasian continent], http://jagiellonia.org/zlote-mysli-kremlowskiego-szamana/ [2017-10-25].
Dugin, A., The Fourth Political Theory, London: ARKTOS, 2012.
Eberhardt, P., ‘Koncepcje geopolityczne Aleksandra Dugina’ [The geopolitical concepts of Aleksandr Dugin], Przegląd Geograficzny, 2010, 82, 2.
Ištok, R. and Z. Jakabová, ‘Geopolitical Conception of Globalization in the Interpretation of Alexander Dugin’, in: The Scale of Globalization. Think Globally, Act Locally, Change Individually in the 21st Century, Ostrava: University of Ostrava, 2011.
Kaszuba, M. and M. Minkina, Imperialna gra Rosji [Russia’s imperial game], Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM, 2016.
Kurowicki, M., ‘W czwartek ruszyły rosyjsko-białoruskie manewry wojskowe Zapad 2017’, [The Russian-Belarussian military maneuvers Zapad 2017 began on Thursday], http://www.polskatimes.pl/fakty/swiat/a/manewry-zapad-2017-w-czwartek-ruszyly-rosyjskobialoruskie-manewrywojskowe-zapad-2017,12480859/ [2017-10-11].
Levada, ‘Postawa Rosjan do innych krajów’ [The attitude of Russians towards other countries], Levada, https://www.levada.ru/2012/06/14/otnoshenierossiyan-k-drugim-stranam/ [2017-10-29].
Onet.pl, ‘Tylko Rosjanie stworzyli tytanowe okręty podwodne. Amerykanie do dziś nie zaryzykowali tego kroku’ [Only the Russians have created titanium submarines. The Americans have not risked this step to this day], Technowinki, http://technowinki.onet.pl/marynarka/tylko-rosjanie-stworzyli-tytanowe-okrety-podwodne-amerykanie-do-dzis-nie-zaryzykowali/xm1w5f [2017-10-19].
Radiozet, Sondaż Centrum Lewady 2015, ‘Rosjanie mają nas za wrogów?’ [Do Russians consider us enemies?], Radiozet, http://wiadomosci.radiozet.pl/Swiat/Polska-nieprzyjazna-dla-Rosji-Sondaz-Centrum-Lewady[2017-06-06].
Shekhovtsov, A., ‘Aleksandr Dugin’s Neo-Eurasianism: The New Rightà la Russe’, Religion Compass, vol. 3, issue 4, 2009.
SIPRI Yearbook 2017, Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, 2017, Stockholm.
Sputniknews, ‘Marynarka Wojenna Rosji w 2015 roku otrzyma ponad 50 okrętów różnej klasy’ [The Russian Navy will receive more than 50 of various types in 2015], Sputniknews, http://pl.sputniknews.com/swiat/20150601/454130.html [2016-08-14].
Stelmach, A., ‘Nowa rosyjska strategia bezpieczeństwa posiada antyzachodni charakter. Priorytetem Daleki Wschód’ [The new Russian security strategy has anti-Western character. The priority is the Far East], http://www.pch24.pl/nowa-rosyjska-strategia-bezpieczenstwa-posiada-antyzachodni-charakter–priorytetem-daleki-wschod,40383,i.html#ixzz4xBhwXpcN [2016-08-13].
Ścibiorek, Z., ‘Militarne znaki zapytania na wschodzie’ [Military question marks in the East], Bellona, no. 1/2017 (688).
‘The Military Balance 2015’, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, London: Routledge, 2015.
TVN24, ‘Rosja wraca na podium, Polska wydaje najwięcej w regionie. Nikt nie pobije Amerykanów’ [Russia is back on the podium, Poland spends the most in the region. No one will beat the Americans], TVN24, http://www.tvn24.pl [2017-10-09].
Visvizi, A., ‘Pozycja Rosji w stosunkach międzynarodowych’ [Russia’s role in international relations], in: K. A. Kłosiński (ed.), Russia: ambitions and opportunities in the 21st century, Lublin: Catholic University of Lublin Press, 2010.
Visvizi, A., ‘Wspólnota Niepodległych Państw jako wspólnota bezpieczeństwa (security community): próba usystematyzowania problemu badawczego’ [The Commonwealth of Independent States as a security community: toward a research framework], in: T. Kapuśniak (ed.), WNP: fragmegracja, bezpieczeństwo, konflikty etniczne [CIS: fragmegration, security, ethnic conflicts], Lublin: IEŚW, 2011.
Visvizi, A. and T. Kapuśniak, ‘Federacja Rosyjska i WNP w szerszym kontekście regionalnym Azji: polityka zagraniczna, bezpieczeństwo, współpraca gospodarcza’ [Russia and the CIS in the broader regional context of Asia: foreign policy, security, economic cooperation], in: T. Kapuśniak (ed.), Federacja Rosyjska wobec obszaru Wspólnoty Niepodległych Państw [Russian Federation and the CIS], Lublin & Warszawa: IEŚW/Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2011.
Wilk, A., ‘Czy Rosja jest potęga militarną?’ [Is Russia a military power?], http://www.wiez.pl/czasopismo/;s,czasopismo_szczegoly,id,583,art,16184 [2016-08-10].
wPolityce.pl, ‘Były doradca Putina nie pozostawia złudzeń: Atak Rosji na kraje bałtyckie i Polskę jest nieuchronny. Nastąpi w ciągu dwóch lat…’ [Former adviser of Putin leaves no illusions: Russia’s attack on Baltic States and Poland is inevitable. It will happen within two years…], (Wywiad z byłym doradcą W. Putina – Andriejem Iłłarionowem / Interview with a former adviser of V. Putin – Andrey Illarionov), wPolityce.pl, https://wpolityce.pl/swiat/229227-byly-doradca-putina-nie-pozostawia-zludzen-atak-rosji-na-kraje-baltyckie-i-polske-jest-nieuchronny-nastapi-w-ciagu-dwochlat[2017-11-02].
The article examines Russian Federation’s relations with both South and North Korean in the years 1991-2018 and tries to make an assessment of the potential role Russia could play in a future reunification process of the peninsula. The author examines three possible scenarios of such a process: a peaceful reunification, a reunification that would result from North Korean regime’s collapse or from an all-out war on the peninsula. It is argued that although the Russian Federation might prefer to see the continuation of the current status quo, in case of any potential security environment shift the peaceful reunification scenario will best assure Russia’s interest in the region.
Katarzyna Pisarska, ‘Russian Federation relations with South and North Koreas and its role in the reunification of the peninsula – scenarios for the future’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 87-106.
Ahn, B., ‘The Soviet Union and the Korean Peninsula’, Asian Affairs: An American Review, vol. 11, issue 4, 1985.
BBC, ‘Trump Kim summit: US and North Korean leaders hold historic’, News/World, 12 June 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44435035 [2018-08-03].
Business Korea, ‘Korean President Park Proposes “Silk Road Express” to Connect Eurasian Nations, Facilitate Exchanges’, News, 18 October 2013, http://www.businesskorea.co.kr/english/news/politics/1737-union-eurasian-nations-korean-president-park-proposes-%E2%80%9Csilk-roadexpress%E2%80%9D-connect [2017-03-12].
Cheang, C., ‘Can Russia help being cut out of North Korea negotiations?’, East Asia Forum, 7 July 2018, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2018/07/07/canrussia-help-being-cut-out-of-north-korea-negotiations/ [2018-08-03].
Cherkashin, P., ‘Current Russian-North Korean relations and prospects of their development’, Russian International Affairs Council Blog, 25 August 2015, http://russiancouncil.ru/en/blogs/dvfu-en/2022/ [2018-08-02].
Gelman, H. and N. D. Levin, ‘The Future of Soviet-North Korean Relations’, RAND Corporation Paper no. R-3159-AF, October 1984, http://www.rand.org/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2009/R3159.pdf [2017-03-17].
Global Firepower, ‘2018 Military Strength Ranking’, 18 April 2018, http://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp [2018-07-03].
Haggard, S. and M. Noland, ‘North Korea’s External Economic Relations’, Working Paper Series, Washington D.C.: Peterson Institute for Interna-tional Economics, August 2007, https://piie.com/publications/workingpapers/north-koreas-external-economic-relations [2018-08-02].
Ivashentsov, G., ‘Prospects for Russia – Republic of Korea Relations’, in: I. S. Ivanov (ed.), Russia – Republic of Korea Relations: Revising the Bilateral Agenda, Russia International Affairs Council Working Paper, no. X1/2013, Moscow 2013.
Jakimowicz, R., Polityka Federacji Rosyjskiej wobec regionu Azji i Pacyfiku, Azji Centralnej i Arktyki [Russian Federation and its politics towards Asia, Pacific, Central Asia and the Arctic], Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2015.
Jamestown Foundation, ‘Russia And North Korea Sign Friendship Treaty’, Monitor, vol. 6, issue 30, 17 February 2000, https://jamestown.org/program/russia-and-north-korea-sign-friendship-treaty/ [2017-03-12].
Kim, DJ, ‘Russian influence on North Korea: views of former South Korean Ambassadors to Russia’, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, vol. 24, no. 3, 2012.
Kim, S., ‘Korean unification costs would exceed $2.7 trillion: Researcher’, NKNews.com, 6 March 2014, https://www.nknews.org/2015/03/unification-costs-would-exceed-2-7-trillion-researcher/ [2017-02-28].
KITA, ‘K-Statistics by Country: Russia’, 7 July 2018, http://www.kita.org/kStat/byCount_SpeCount.do [2018-07-07].
Korean Rail Network Authority, ‘Trans-Korea railway & North Korean rail modernization’, News, December 2017, http://english.kr.or.kr/sub/info.do?m=0203 [2018-06-27].
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea, ‘Chapter 4: Strengthening Cooperation with Neighboring Countries: Korea – Russia Relations’, in: Diplomatic White Paper 2016, Seoul 2016.
Ministry of Unification of the Republic of Korea, ‘Initiative for Korean Unification’, Press Release, 27 March 2015, http://www.unikorea.go.kr/eng_unikorea/news/releases/?boardId=bbs_0000000000000034&mode=view&cntId=42576&category=&pageIdx=5 [2018-07-03].
Orlov, A. and K. Romanova, ‘Кимам простили долг – Россия спишет долги КНДР’, Gazeta.ru, 19 February 2014, http://www.gazeta.ru/business/2014/02/19/5916573.shtml [2018-08-02].
Park, Y. H., ‘South and North Korea’s Views on the Unification of the Korean Peninsula and Inter-Korean Relations’, Working Paper, Korean Institute for National Unification, 2nd KRIS-Brookings Joint Conference on “Security and Diplomatic Cooperation between ROK and US for the Unification of the Korean Peninsula”, 21 January 2014, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Park-Young-Ho-paper.pdf [2018-08-03].
Radchenko, S., ‘Russia’s Policy in the Run-Up to the First North Korean Nuclear Crisis, 1991-1993’, Nuclear Proliferation International History Project Working Paper #4, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 13 February 2015, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russias-policy-the-run-to-the-first-north-korean-nuclear-crisis-1991-1993[2018-08-02].
Reuters, ‘Russia writes off 90 percent of North Korea’s debt’, News, 18 September 2012, http://uk.reuters.com/article/russia-northkorea-debt-idUKL6N0NB04L20140419 [2017-03-02].
Rinna, A. V., ‘Here Is Why South Korea May Be Turning to Russia’, The National Interest, 6 February 2018, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/thebuzz/here-why-south-korea-may-be-turning-russia-24370 [2018-07-07].
Rozman, G., ‘South Korean Strategic Thought toward Russia’, in: G. Rozman and I. Hyun, S. Lee (eds), South Korean Strategic Thought toward Asia, New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2008.
Russia Beyond, ‘Seoul “punishes” Pyongyang by suspending Trans-Korean railway project’, News, 12 February 2016, http://rbth.com/international/2016/02/12/seoul-punishes-pyongyang-by-suspending-trans-koreanrailway-project_567087 [2017-03-24].
Stevenson, C., ‘Lavrov’s North Korea visit a reminder to Trump that Russia cannot be ignored’, The Independent, 31 May 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/trump-north-korea-meeting-russia-lavrov-kim-jongun-pyongyang-syria-a8378331.html [2018-07-07].
Suslina, S., ‘Traditional and New Areas of Bilateral Trade’, in: I. S. Ivanov (ed.), Russia – Republic of Korea Relations: Revising the Bilateral Agenda, Russia International Affairs Council, Working Paper, no. X1/2013, Moscow 2013.
Talmadge, E., ‘Why Russia is bolstering ties with North Korea’, The Guardian, 4 June 2014, World/Europe, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/04/russia-bolster-ties-north-korea [2018-08-02].
The Economist, ‘What North and South Korea would gain if they were reunified’, Korea Opportunities, 5 May 2016, http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/10/daily-chart-5 [2018-08-03].
Toloraya, G., ‘Inter-Korean Dialogue and Reconciliation Prospects’, in: Russia– Republic of Korea Relations: Revising The Bilateral Agenda, Russian International Affairs Council Working Paper, no. X1/2013.
Trenin, D., ‘Russia’s Asia Policy under Vladimir Putin, 2000-5’, in: G. Rozman and K. Togo, J. P. Ferguson (eds), Russian Strategic Thought toward Asia, New York: Palgrave, 2006.
Yakubovsky, V. , ‘The Future of Korean and Northeast Asia: Russian Concerns’, Paper presented at: 4th Europe-Northeast Asia Forum – The Future of Korea and Northeast Asia, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, 11-13 December 2003.
York, R., ‘Russia craves balance on the Korean Peninsula. To maintain an influence in North and South Korea, Moscow must “stand on both legs”: Experts’, NKNews.org, 2 November 2015, http://www.nknews.org/2015/11/russia-craves-balance-on-the-korean-peninsula/ [2017-03-02].
Zakharova, L., ‘Economic cooperation between Russia and North Korea: New goals and new approaches’, Journal of Eurasian Studies, vol. 7, issue 2, July 2016.
This article discusses Poland’s eastern policy as it unfolded over the period 2016-2018. Against this backdrop it examines how the right-wing coalition 2015 ascent to power impacted the foreign policy of the Republic of Poland. It is argued that the lingering of Poland’s engagement in its eastern neighbourhood is conditioned by developments on the Polish political scene, which – in some cases – is also reflected in a change of narrative toward the eastern neighbours, especially Ukraine.
Adrian Chojan, ‘From strategy to improvisation – Poland’s Eastern Policy in 2016-2018’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 107-123.
Chojan, A., ‘Polityka wschodnia Polski w myśli politycznej pa rtii Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (lata 2005-2007)’ [Eastern policy of Poland in the political thought of the Law and Justice party (2005-2007)], Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, no. 5, 2016.
Chojan, A., ‘Polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwa UE z perspektywy państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej’ [EU foreign and security policy from the perspective of the Visegrad Group countries], in : M. J. Tomaszyk (ed.), Polityczno-społeczne i ekonomiczne zmiany w Europie w świetle globalnej startegii na rzecz polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa Unii Europejskiej [Politico-social and economic changes in Europe in the light of a global strategy for the foreign and security policy of the European Union], Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM, 2017.
Dahl, M., ‘Inicjatywa Trójmorza z perspektywy niemieckiej’ [Three-way initiative from the German perspective], Studia Europejskie, no. 2, 2018.
Fiszer, J. M., ‘Kryzys na Ukrainie i jego konsekwencje międzynarodowe dla regionu, Europy i świata’ [Crisis in Ukraine and its international consequences for the region, Europe and the world], Biuletyn Analiz i Opinii Zakładu Europeistyki ISP PAN, no. 3, 2018.
Kowal, P., ‘Plecami do Ukrainy’ [Backs to Ukraine], Polityka, 20 February 2018.
Kowal, P., ‘Polityka wschodnia Polski po 1989 roku. Kontekst, uwarunkowania, punkty zwrotne’ [Eastern policy of Poland after 1989. Context, conditions, turning points’], in: J. Osiński (ed.), Polityka publiczna w Polsce. Priorytety i wyzwania [Public policy in Poland. Priorities and challenges], Warszawa: Szkoła Główna Handlowa, 2015.
Kowal, P., ‘Relacje Warszawa–Kijów są najgorsze od 1991 roku [Warsaw–Kiev relations are the worst since 1991], Rzeczpospolita, 21 January 2017, www.rp.pl/Dyplomacja/170129814-Pawel-Kowal-relacje-WarszawaKijow-sanajgorsze-od-1991-roku.html [2018-08-13].
Kubik, A., ‘Gazoport w Świnoujściu będzie powiększony. Jest decyzja o rozbudowie’ [The LNG terminal in Świnoujście will be enlarged. There is a decision to expand], Gazeta Wyborcza, 20 April 2017.
Kubik, A., ‘Polska w pułapce Nord Stream 2. Przed nami wybór jak między dżumą a cholerą’ [Poland in the trap of Nord Stream 2. Before us, we choose between the plague and cholera], Gazeta Wyborcza, 18 September 2017.
Łoskot-Strachota, A. and R. Bajczuk, S. Kardaś, ‘Nord Stream 2 dzieli Zachód’ [Nord Stream 2 divides the West], Komentarze OSW, no. 273, 2018.
Mieroszewski, J., ‘Rosyjski „kompleks Polski” i obszar ULB’ [Russian “Polish complex” and the ULB area], in: P. Kowal and J. Ołdakowski, M. Zuchniak (eds), Nie jesteśmy ukrainofilami. Polska myśl polityczna wobec Ukraińców i Ukrainy. Antologia tekstów [We are not Ukrainrainophiles. Polish political thought towards Ukrainians and Ukraine. Anthology of texts], Wrocław 2002.
Mikulski, J., ‘Czy Jarosław Kaczyński pokłócił się z Petrem Poroszenką o UPA?’ [Did Jarosław Kaczyński quarrel with Petro Poroshenko about UPA?], Rzeczpospolita, 21 August 2017.
Orzelska-Stączek, A., ‘Inicjatywa Środkowoeuroepejska a Trójmorze – odmienne koncepcje współpracy w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej’ [Central European and Tricity Initiative – different concepts of cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe], Studia Europejskie, no. 1, 2018.
Pełczyńska-Nałęcz, K., Polityka wschodnia w chaosie [Eastern policy in chaos], Warszawa: Fundacja im. S. Batorego, 2014.
Tarnogórski, R. and S. Zaręba, ‘Polska w Radzie Bezpieczeństwa ONZ’ [Poland in the UN Security Council], Biuletyn PISM, no. 1, 2018.
Wroński, P., ‘Odwrót PiS z Ukrainy? Kaczyński: „Nie zgodzimy się, by z ludobójców i morderców robić bohaterów”’ [The return of the PiS from Ukraine? Kaczyński: “We will not agree to make heroes out of the genocide and murderer”], Gazeta Wyborcza, 30 January 2017.
Zdrowie, praca, rodzina [Health, work, family], program wyborczy Prawa i Sprawiedliwości [Election program Law and Justice], 2014.
Mass protests which erupted in Armenia in April 2018 were the biggest demonstrations in this country since the nineties of the XX century. With the dismissal of prime minister Serzh Sargsyan and appointment of the “temporary” government, the so called #RejectSerzh movement has been quickly proclaimed as another velvet revolution. The 2018 protests led to such an unexpected outcome because of the number of factors: their well-thought organization based on the civil disobedience methods, simultaneous decentralization of the protesters and clearly defined aim – ousting the incumbent prime minister embodying corrupted, oligarchic political system. At the same time it seems that the #RejectSerzh movement would not achieve such a success without the “legacy” of the civic, grassroots initiatives taking place in Armenia since 2008 and especially since 2013. All of these movements were highly interlinked and constituted continuous (however still incomplete) creeping revolution leading to the change of the oligarchic political system in Armenia.
Mateusz Kubiak, ‘Armenia’s creeping revolution: between the #RejectSerzh movement and previous civic initiatives’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 125-145.
Abrahamian, L., ‘Civil Society Born in the Square: the Karabagh Movement in Perspective’, in: L. Chorbajian (ed.), The Making of Nagorno-Karabagh: From Secession to Republic, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
Armenian News-NEWS.am, ‘Gallup: 95% of Armenia respondents approve Electric Yerevan demonstrations’, Armenian News-NEWS.am, 21 August 2015, https://news.am/eng/news/282499.html [2018-06-22].
Astourian, S. H., ‘From Ter-Petrosian To Kocharian: Leadership Change In Armenia’, Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Working Paper Series, Winter 2000-2001.
Avedissian, K., ‘A real revolution? Protest leader Armen Grigoryan on what’s happening in Armenia’, openDemocracy, 30 April 2018, https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/karena-avedissian/real-revolution-protest-leader-armen-grigoryan-on-what-s-happening-in-ar [2018-06-24].
Avedissian, K., ‘The power of Electric Yerevan’, openDemocracy, 6 July 2015, https://www.opendemocracy.net/karena-avedissian/electrified-yerevan [2018-06-22].
Avetisyan, A., Personal communication, June 2018.
Chodak, J., Teorie rewolucji w naukach społecznych [Theories of revolution in the social sciences], Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, 2012.
Ellena, M., ‘The Armenian Velvet Revolution is over: Pashinian voted in as prime minister’, bne IntelliNews, 8 May 2018, www.intellinews.com/thearmenian-velvet-revolution-is-over-pashinian-voted-in-as-prime-minister-141261/ [2018-06-26].
Eyramjyan, S., Personal communication, June 2018.
Freedom House, ‘Armenia’, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/armenia [2018-06-20].
Freedom House, ‘Armenia’, Nations in Transit 2014, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/2014/armenia [2018-06-21].
Garbis, C., ‘Yerevan’s Bus Fare Protests: A Timeline’, The Armenian Weekly, 29 July 2013, https://armenianweekly.com/2013/07/29/yerevans-bus-fareprotests-a-timeline/ [2018-06-22].
Ghaplanyan, I., Post-Soviet Armenia: The New National Elite and the New National Narrative, New York: Routledge, 2018.
Goyette, J., ‘The youth protests that have shaken Armenia were years in the making’, PRI Public Radio International, 25 June 2015, https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-06-25/youth-protests-have-shaken-armenia-were-yearsmaking[2018-06-22].
Górecki, W., ‘The success of the revolution in Armenia. Pashinyan elected prime minister’, The Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW) Analyses, 9 May 2018, https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2018-05-09/success-revolution-armenia-pashinyan-elected-prime-minister [2018-06-25].
Hale, H. E., Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective (Problems of International Politics), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Henze, P. B., ‘The Transcaucasus in transition’, The RAND Publication Series, 1991.
International Partnership for Human Rights, ‘BEATEN, BURNT AND BETRAYED: Armenians awaiting accountability for police violence’, International Partnership for Human Rights, 2016, iphronline.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/09/Beaten-Burned-and-Betrayed-Armenia-report-Sept-2016.pdf [2018-06-22].
Ishkanian, A., Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia, New York: Routledge, 2008.
Ishkanian, A. and E. Gyulkhandanyan, S. Manusyan, A. Manusyan, Civil Society, Development and Environmental Activism in Armenia, Yerevan: City Print House, 2013.
Jaloyan, V., ‘New Political Subjects in Armenia and March 1 Events’, Red Thread, www.red-thread.org/dosyalar/site_resim/dergi/pdf/4349778.pdf [2018-06-21].
Kargin TV, Chem vcharelu 150 dram [I am not paying 150 dram], Youtube, 24 July 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uk4_qzVK8-4 [2018-06-21].
Khachatrian, H., ‘Armenia: how a small country counters the Global crisis’, Caucasus Analytical Digest, no. 18, 2010.
Makunts, L., ‘After Armenia’s Velvet Revolution, New Colors and Vibes in Country’s Politics and Society’, International Center on Nonviolent Conflict, 10 May 2018, https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/blog_post/armenias-velvet-revolution-new-colors-vibes-countrys-politics-society/ [2018-06-24].
Martirosyan, A., ‘Protest against pension reforms in Yerevan was about 15,000 strong’, Kavkaz Uzel, 22 March 2014, www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/27628/ [2018-06-22].
Martirosyan, A., V Erevane v ramkah kampanii protiv udorozhanija proezda proshel obuchajushhij kurs obshhenija aktivistov s policiej [In Yerevan during the protest against public transport tariffs hike was held a training course of communication with the police], Kavkaz Uzel, 25 July 2013, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/227603/ [2018-06-22].
Martirosyan, S., ‘Yerevantsis Mobilize Against Price Hikes in Public Transport’, The Armenian Weekly, 23 July 2013, https://armenianweekly.com/2013/07/23/yerevantsis-mobilizes-against-price-hikes-in-publictransport/ [2018-06-21].
Mirzoyan, G., ‘LOVE and PROTEST’, Chai Khana, 14 October 2016, https://chai-khana.org/en/love-and-protest-1 [2018-06-22].
Najarian, T., ‘We refuse to pay 150 Dram for transport! And Other Protests’, Notes of a Spurkahye Finally Come Home Blog, 23 July 2013, https://tamarnajarian.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/we-refuse-to-pay-150-dram-fortransport-and-other-protests/ [2018-06-21].
Nranyan, A., ‘Armenia: 20 years of integration into capitalism – consequences and challenges’, in: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, South Caucasus: 20 Years of Independence, Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2012.
Paturyan, Y. J. and V. Gevorgyan, Civic Activism as a Novel Component of Armenian Civil Society, Yerevan: Turpanjian Center for Policy Analysis, 2016.
Payaslian, S., The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
Petrosyan, D., ‘Oligarchy in Armenia’, Caucasus Analytical Digest, no. 53-54, 2013.
PJC PublicJournalismClub, ‘#electricyerevan. A Day of Violated Rights’, Youtube, 12 January 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuNOI4z2Xxs [2018-06-22].
Sargsyan, G., Democracy and Development in the Making: Civic Participation in Armenia; Challenges, Opportunities (Doctoral Thesis), Trento: University of Trento, 2016.
Sarian, A., ‘Economic Challenges Faced by the New Armenian State’, Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, vol. 14, no. 2, March 2016.
Schiffers, S., ‘Why Armenians Call for a Velvet Revolution’, Polis Blog, 20 April 2018, https://polis180.org/polisblog/2018/04/20/10482/ [2018-06-26].
Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia, ‘PART 1 – ARMENIA: POVERTY PROFILE IN 2008-2016’, Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia, www.armstat.am/file/article/poverty_2017_english_2.pdf [2018-06-21].
Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia, The Demographic Handbook of Armenia, Yerevan: Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia, 2017.
Tadevosyan, A., ‘Challenges of Transition in Post-Soviet Armenia: Protest Movements, Power, and Society’, in: G. Novikova (ed.), Regional Security Issues: 2015, Yerevan: SPECTRUM Center for Strategic Analysis, 2016.
The Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRRC), ‘PROTEST: Should people participate in protest actions?’, The Caucasus Research Resource Centers (CRRC), www.caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb-am/PROTEST/ [2018-06-21].
Varvarchapet, Menq Chenq Vtwarelow 150 dram, incha t’e varchapety’ nor Bent’li a owzowm [We’ll not pay 150 dram because the prime minister needs new Bentley], Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/vatvarchapet/[2018-06-22].
Way, L., ‘State power and autocratic stability: Armenia and Georgia’, in: A. E. Wooden and Ch. H. Stefes (eds), The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Enduring legacies and emerging challenges, New York: Routledge, 2009.
Zolyan, M., ‘Armenia’, in: D. Ó. Beacháin and A. Polese (eds), The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics, New York: Routledge, 2010.
Zolyan, M., ‘Is 2018 the New 1988? Some thoughts on the Karabakh Movement and the “Velvet Revolution”’, EVN Report, 30 April 2018, https://www.evnreport.com/politics/is-2018-the-new-1988 [2018-06-21].
Turkey’s current foreign policy is based on the slogans of the revision of the Lausanne Treaty of 1923, which established the external borders of the Turkish state. The revision demands of this treaty are particularly dangerous to the security of Greece and the territorial integrity of this country. Turkey questions the limits of the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone, the territorial sea and airspace of Greece. Since the mid-1990s, Turkey has also begun to question the Greekness of the Aegean islands. The danger of an outbreak of conflict between Greece and Turkey in the Aegean Sea may lead to the renewal of conflicts in the Balkans and thus to the decreased security of other European Union countries.
Artur Adamczyk, ‘Treaty Revisionism in Turkey’s foreign policy – a threat to the security of Greece and the European Union’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 147-165.
Adamczyk, A., Cypr. Dzieje polityczne [Cyprus. Political history], Warszawa: Dialog, 2002.
Aslan, D. H. and B. Selcuk, ‘Reflections of the Second World War on Turkey’s Foreign Policy’, Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula, vol. 39, no. 1, 2014.
Clogg, R., Historia Grecji nowożytnej [The history of modern Greece], Warszawa: KiW, 2006.
Greek City Time, ‘Greeks outraged by Turkish President’s remarks: “We gave awal the Greek Island”’, Greek City Times, 30 September 2016, https://greekcitytimes.com/greeks-outraged-by-turkish-presidents-remarks-wegave-away-the-greek-islands/ [2018-07-08].
Grigoriadis, I., ‘Turkey’s foreign policy activism: vision continuity and reality checks’, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, 2014.
Gulmez, S. B., ‘Turkish foreign policy as an anomaly: revisionism and irredentism through diplomacy in the 1930s’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 44, no. 1, 2017.
Inan, Y. and Y. Acer, ‘The Aegean Disputes’, in: A. L. Karaosmanoglou and S. Tashan (eds), The Europeanisation of Turkey’s Security Policy: Prospects and Pitfalls, Ankara: Foreign Policy Institute, 2004.
Kathimerini, ‘Greece complains to NATO over Turkish submarines in Aegean’, Kathimerini, 8 October 2016.
Kathimerini, ‘Turkish subs in Aegean “unacceptable tactic”, Vitsas says’, Kathimerini, 10 October 2016, http://www.ekathimerini.com [2018-07-08].
Kathimerini, ‘Turkish opposition chief challenges Erdogan over Greece visit’, Kathimerini, 12 December 2017, http://www.ekathimerini.com [2018-07-08].
Kathimerini, ‘US stepping in to easy Greece, Turkey tensions’, Kathimerini, 1 March 2017, http://www.ekathimerini.com [2018-07-08].
Koliopoulos, C., ‘From Imperial Backwater to Strategic Minefield: the Mediterranean and the EU’, in: E. Latoszek et al. (eds), European Security and Stability in A Complex Global Order – the Case of Neighbourhood Policy, Warsaw: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa, 2017.
Koukoudakis, G., The Role of Citizens in the Current Greek-Turkish Rapprochement, Paper for the 56th Annual Conference of Political Studies Association, April 4-6, 2006, http://www.gpsg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/2006-P3-Koukoudakis.pdf [2018-07-03].
Kouskouvelis, I. I., ‘Turkey, Past and Future. The Problem with Turkey’s “Zero Problems”’, Middle East Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 1, Winter 2013.
Landau, J. M., ‘The Ups and Downs of Irredentism: The Case of Turkey’, in: N. Chazan (ed.), Irredentism and International Politics, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991.
Misztal, M., Historia Cypru [History of Cyprus], Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, 2013.
Nomikos, J. M., ‘Illegal Immigration and Organized Crime in Greece’, RIEAS Research Paper, no. 144, 2010.
Osiewicz, P., Konflikt cypryjski [Cyprus conflict], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2013.
Osmańczyk, E., Encyklopedia ONZ i stosunków międzynarodowych [Encyclopedia of the UN and international relations], Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1986.
Papuççular, H., ‘Fragile Balances: Turkish Foreign Policy on the Sovereignty of the Dodecanese Islands (1940-1947)’, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, vol. 20, no. 5, 2018.
Paszkiewicz, J., ‘Uwarunkowania geopolityczne bałkańskiej polityki Turcji w latach 20. i 30. XX wieku’ [Geopolitical conditions of Turkey’s Balkan politics in the 1920s and 1930s], Balcanica Posnaniensia, vol. XXI, 2014.
Paulenoff, A., ‘The Aegean Sea Continetal Shelf Dispute: Greek and Turkish Interpretations’, Perspectives on Global Issues, Spring 2009.
Pedi, R., ‘Greece in the Aftermath of the Economic Crisis Needs to Change Its Strategy in the International System: Choosing Between Melians and David’, in: J. Marangos (ed.), The Internal Impact and External Influence of the Greek Financial Crisis, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Stępniewski, T., Geopolityka Morza Czarnego w postzimnowojennym świecie [Geopolitics of the Black Sea in the post-Cold war world], Lublin and Warszawa: IEŚW, 2011.
Stobiecki, R., ‘Różne oblicza historycznego rewizjonizmu’ [Different faces of historical revisionism], Sensus Historiae, vol. XIX, no. 2, 2015.
The Guardian, ‘Turkey claims Afrin city centre is under “total” control’, The Guardian, 18 March 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/18/turkey-claims-afrin-city-centre-under-total-control-syria[2018-07-08].
The New York Times, ‘Erdogan, on Landmark Visit to Greece, Sets Diplomacy Aside’, The New York Times, 7 December 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/world/europe/erdogan-greece-turkey-visit.html [2018-07-08].
Treaty of Lausanne, https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne.
'Turkey and Greece: Time to Settle the Aegean Dispute’, Europe Briefing no. 64, International Crisis Group Working to Prevent Conflict Worldwide,
Istanbul, Athens, Brussels, 19 July 2011, https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/western-europemediterranean/turkey/turkey-andgreece-time-settle-aegean-dispute [2018-07-24].
Turkey using Greek soldiers as “bargaining chips”, http://www.euronews.com/2018/04/22/turkey-using-greek-soldiers-as-bargainingchips-[2018-07-08].
Tuysuzoglu, G., ‘Strategic Depth: A Neo-Ottomanist Interpretation of Turkish Euroasianism’, Mediterranean Quarterly, Spring 2014.
Uzer, U., ‘The Revival of Ottomanism in Turkish Foreign Policy: “The World Is Greater than Five”’, Turkish Policy Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 4, 2018.
Visvizi, A., Greece, The Greeks, and the Crisis: Reaching Beyond “That’s how it goes”, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, September 2016, https://www.carnegiecouncil.org/publications/articles_papers_reports/787 [2018-07-12].
Yesilyurt, N. and A. Akdevelioglu, ‘Turkey’s Middle East Policy under the JDP Rule’, The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, vol. 40, 2009.
The Turks are the largest national minority in Bulgaria. Since the creation of the independent Bulgarian state in the 19th century, i.e., since the Turks began to function as a minority group in this country, they have not identified with their new homeland nor integrated with other ethnic groups. After 1989 the situation has changed, the symbol of which is the activity of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS). The article addresses the situation of the Turkish minority in this new, changed reality of modern Bulgaria.
Elżbieta Szyszlak, ‘Between Sofia and Ankara – the Turkish minority in contemporary Bulgaria’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 167-185.
Adreev, A., ‘Bułgarscy Turcy przeciwko Erdoganowi’ [Bulgarian Turks against Erdogan], http://www.dw.com/pl/bułgarscy-turcy-przeciwkoerdoganowi/a-38439265 [2017-08-15].
Arndt, M., ‘Muslime in Bulgarien. Integrationsgrad, politische Repräsentanz und sozialer Status der Türken, Pomaken und Roma’ [Muslims in Bulgaria. The level of integration, political representation and social status of Turks, Pomaks and Roma], KAS Auslandsinformationen, no. 7, 2013.
Bieniek, K., ‘Ruch Praw i Wolności – partia bułgarskich Turków’ [Movement of Rights and Freedoms – the party of the Bulgarian Turks], Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica, no. 11, 2013.
Birdahaasla, ‘Bulgaristan’daki Türk Nüfusunun Yıllara Göre Dağılımı’ [The Turkish population in Bulgaria in particular years], http://www.birdahaasla.org/documents/events/bulgaria/table.pdf [2018-02-09].
BTA, ‘DOST, Freedom and Dignity People’s Party form DOST Alliance Coalition’, Bulgarian News Agency, http://www.bta.bg/en/c/DF/id/1513001 [2017-03-02].
Burakowski, A. and A. Gubrynowicz, P. Ukielski, 1989 Jesień Narodów [1989 Autumn of Nations], Warszawa: Trio, 2009.
Dinew, S., ‘System szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce i Bułgarii – próba porównania’ [Higher education system in Poland and Bulgaria – a comparative study], Nauka, no. 2, 2014.
Domaradzki, S., ‘Domaradzki: Bułgarska pułapka Rosji [Domaradzki: Bulgarian trap of Russia], http://publica.pl/teksty/domaradzki-bulgarskapulapka-rosji-60737.html [2017-08-11].
Ekinci, M. U., ‘Bulgaristan Seçiminin Ardından: Görünen Statüko, Görünmeyen Değişimler’ [After the elections in Bulgaria: Apparent status quo, invisible changes], https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2017/04/BulgaristanSecimleri_son.pdf [2017-12-02].
Eminov, A., ‘Turks and Tatars in Bulgaria and the Balkans’, Nationalities Papers, vol. 28, no. 1, 2000.
Eurasianews, ‘Türkei baut neue Türken-Partei in Bulgarien auf für mehr Einfluss auf Sofia’ [Turkey is building a new Turkish party in Bulgaria for greater influence on Sofia], Eurasianews, http://eurasianews.de/blog/tuerkei-baut-neue-tuerken-partei-in-bulgarien-auf-fuer-mehr-einflussauf-regierung/ [2017-08-09].
Fijołek, K., ‘Ruch na rzecz Praw i Swobód. Pomiędzy partią liberalną a reprezentacją mniejszości tureckiej w Bułgarii’ [Movement for Rights and Freedom. Between the liberal party and the representation of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria], Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne, vol. XXVI, 2017.
Gocłowski, A., ‘Exodus bułgarskich Muzułmanów do Turcji w 1989 roku jako zapowiedź zmierzchu wpływów imperialnych ZSRR na Bałkanach’ [Exodus of the Bulgarian Muslims to Turkey in 1989 as a preview of the Soviet imperial twilight in the Balkans], in: J. E. Zamojski (ed.), Upadek imperiów i rozwój migracji [The fall of empires and the development of migration], Warszawa: Neriton, 2003.
Kasprowicz, D., ‘Partie etniczne mniejszości narodowych na przykładzie bułgarskiego Ruchu na rzecz Praw i Wolności (DPS)’ [Ethnic parties of national minorities on the example of the Bulgarian Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS)], Acta Politica, no. 27, 2014.
Klejn, Z., Bułgaria. Szkice z dziejów najnowszych [Bulgaria. Sketches from the newest history], Pułtusk: Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczna im. Aleksandra Gieysztora, 2005.
Konstytucja Republiki Bułgarii [Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria], Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, 2012.
Krasteva-Blagoeva, E., Symbols of Muslim Identity in Bulgaria: Traditions and Innovations, http://old.nbu.bg/PUBLIC/IMAGES/File/departments/anthropology/research/Microsoft Word-berlin1.pdf [2017-09-13].
NEX24, ‘Bulgarien: Türkische DOST Partei protestiert gegen Wahlergebnis’ [Bulgaria: The Turkish DOST party protests against the election results], NEX24, https://www.nachrichtenxpress.com/2017/04/bulgarien-tuerkische-dost-partei-protestiert-gegen-wahlergebnis/ [2017-06-13].
Novinite, ‘DOST, NPSD to Run Together in Bulgaria’s Early Election’, Novinite, http://www.novinite.com/articles/178728/DOST,+NPSD+to+Run+Together+in+Bulgaria%27s+Early+Election [2017-05-17].
Onet, ‘Ostra wymiana zdań między prezydentami Bułgarii i Turcji’ [Acute exchange of views between the Bulgarian and Turkish presidents], Onet, http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/swiat/ostra-wymiana-zdan-miedzy-prezydentami-bulgarii-i-turcji/r60gckb [2017-06-08].
Orłowski, M., ‘Bułgaria wzywa ambasadora. Turcja ingeruje w bułgarskie wybory?’ [Bulgaria calls on the ambassador. Turkey interferes in Bulgarian elections], http://wyborcza.pl/7,75248,21509153,bulgaria-wzywa-ambasadora-turcja-ingeruje-w-bulgarskie-wybory.html [2017-05-17].
Parzymies, A., ‘Muzułmanie w Bułgarii’ [Muslims in Bulgaria], in: A. Parzymies (ed.), Muzułmanie w Europie [Muslims in Europe], Warszawa: Dialog, 2005.
Stanek, K., ‘Tożsamość turecka – tożsamość bułgarska – tożsamość europejska na przykładzie mniejszości tureckiej w Bułgarii’ [Turkish identity – Bulgarian identity – European identity based on the example of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria], in: K. Bieniek (ed.), Republika Turcji. Polityka zagraniczna i wewnętrzna [Republic of Turkey. Foreign and internal policy], Kraków: Episteme, 2016.
Stankov, D., ‘Zahraniční a bezpečnostní politika Bulharska’ [Bulgarian foreign and security policy], in: V. Stýskalíková and H. Smekal (eds), Zahraniční a bezpečnostní politika vybraných zemí Balkánů Balkánů [Foreign and security policy of selected Balkan countries], Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2004.
Szyszlak, E., Etniczność w kontekstach bezpieczeństwa. Mniejszość romska w Republice Czeskiej [Ethnicity in security contexts. The Roma minority in the Czech Republic], Wrocław: Arboretum, 2015.
Szyszlak, T., ‘Religia w bułgarsko-tureckim konflikcie etnicznym. Historia czy współczesność?’ [Religion in the Bulgarian-Turkish ethnic conflict. History or modernity?], in: R. Zenderowski and K. Cebul, B. Koziński (eds), Konflikty etniczne w Europie oraz w jej bezpośrednim otoczeniu po 1989 roku. Uwarunkowania – stan obecny – wyzwania dla polityki bezpieczeństwa [Ethnic conflicts in Europe and its immediate environment after 1989. Conditions – current state – challenges for security policy], Warszawa: CeDeWu.pl, 2016.
Szyszlak, T., ‘The Ethnic Policy of Bulgaria’, in: H. Chałupczak and R. Zenderowski, W. Baluk (eds), Ethnic Policy in Contemporary East Central European Countries, Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2015.
Woźnica, R., Bułgarska polityka wewnętrzna a proces integracji z Unią Europejską [Bulgarian internal policy and the process of integration with the European Union], Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2012.
Żmigrodzki, M., Przeobrażenia polityczno-ustrojowe i Sąd Konstytucyjny w Bułgarii [Political and structural transformations and the Constitutional Court in Bulgaria], Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS, 1997.
Декларация на Движението за права и свободи относно проведения на 16.04.2017 г. референдум в Република Турция [Declaration of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms regarding the holding of a referendum in the Republic of Turkey on 16/04/2017], 27 April 2017, https://www.dps.bg/1064-deklaratziya-na-dvizhenieto-za-prava-i-svobodi-otnosno-provedeniya-na-16-04-2017g-referendum-v-republika-turtziya.html [2018-01-08].
Местан, Л. [Mestan, L.], ‘Крим – будната съвест на евро-атлантизма’ [Crimea – the awakening conscience of euro-atlan], 21 September 2016, http://dost.bg/Analysis/Index/3 [2018-01-02].
Местан, Л. [Mestan, L.], ‘Смелчаци!’ [Be brave!], 21 September 2016, http://dost.bg/Analysis/Index/4 [2017-12-29].
Предизборна програма [Pre-election program], 22 February 2017, https://www.dps.bg/izbori/predizborna-programa.html [2017-06-11].
Устав на Политическа партия Демократи за отговорност, свобода и толерантност ПП ДОСТ [Statute of the Political Party Democrats for Responsibility, Freedom and Tolerance PP DOST], http://dost.bg/Document [2017-12-23].
The problem of people’s forced displacement refers to the most acute. People displaced by conflict, persecution or other human rights violations are the most vulnerable groups in the world. The question of how to regulate migration in such a way as to enhance its positive effects, reducing the negative ones is one of the most important in countries. Russia, like other industrialized countries, attracts migrant. However, there are significant differences between European countries and Russia. The aim of the paper is to investigate the problem of refugees and internally displaced persons in the Russian Federation in international legal, political and social aspects and possible ways for its solution. The article reflects general condition of refugees and internally displaced persons, taking into account the specifics of the political socialization process in Russia.
Ludmila Golovataia, Dan Dinner, ‘Russia as immigration country: policy response to refugees and internally displaced persons’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 187-205.
Andrejso S. and M. Kazankova, Legal problems of refugees in the context of forced migration processes, St. Petersburg: Med. press, 2005.
Chernysh, M. F. (ed.), Socio-Economic Factors of Inter-Ethnic Tensions in the Regions of the Russian Federation, Moscow: The Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2015.
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Population of Russia 1998: The sixth annual demographic report, 1998, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees.
Council for Development of Civic Society Under the President of the Russian Federation, The Consolidated Report on Measures for Provision of Help to Persons Who Were Forced to Leave the Territory of Ukraine and Placed in the Territory of the Russian Federation, 31 October 2014, http://presidentsovet.ru/documents/read/282/.Federal Law No. 4528-I of 19 February 1993 “On Refugees” (as amended and supplemented), http://base.garant.ru/10105682 [2018-09-05].
Federal State Statistics Service, http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/inspection/vpn/vpn_popul.htm.
Information on the situation regarding citizens of Ukraine and stateless persons who left the country in an emergency and mass order, data of the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation of 8 April 2015, http://www.fms.gov.ru/ about / statistics / info_o_situatsii_v_otnoshenii_grazhdan_ukrainy. Information portal of the Federal Migration Service, https://ufms-russia.ru/ [2018-07-15].
Law of the Russian Federation of 19 February 1993 No. 4530-I “On Forced Migrants” (as amended and supplemented), http://base.garant.ru/10105693 [2018-09-05].
Mamontova, E., Features of contemporary migration situation in Russia, 2013, http://vernadsky.tstu.ru/pdf/2013/08/15.pdf.
Mamontova, E., ‘The problem of forced migration in Russia at the present stage’, Historical, Philosophical, Political and Legal Sciences, Culturology and Art History. Theory and Practice, no. 8(3), Таmbov: Gramota, 2015, ISSN 1997-292X, http://www.gramota.net/materials/3/2015/8-3/34.html.
Olenitskaya, E. S., ‘From Ukraine in the Territory of Russia: Problems and Experience of Crisis Phenomena Management in Intercultural Communication’, in: Russia in the Period of Transformation: Crisis Communication and Anti-Crisis Management, Yaroslavl: Academy MUB&NT, 2014.
On Amending the State Program to Promote Voluntary Resettlement in Russia of Compatriots Living Abroad, approved by Presidential Decree No. 637 of 22 June 2006, Presidential Decree No. 531 of 25 July 2014, http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?3646159/ [2018-07-18].
Plaksina, I. V., Constitutional and legal regulation of migration processes, Moskva 2001.
Ioan Horga, ‘Book review: European Security and Stability in a Complex Global Order – The Case of Neighbourhood Policy by Ewa Latoszek, Magdalena Proczek, Małgorzata Dziembała, Anna Masłon--Oracz, Agnieszka Kłos (eds)’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2018, pp. 209-211
